Editing Protein sequencing (section)

== ''N''-terminal amino acid analysis ==
[[File:Sanger peptide end-group analysis.svg|thumb|360px|Sanger's method of peptide end-group analysis: '''A''' derivatization of ''N''-terminal end with [[1-fluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene|Sanger's reagent]] (DNFB), '''B''' total acid hydrolysis of the dinitrophenyl peptide]] 
Determining which amino acid forms the [[N-terminus|''N''-terminus]] of a [[peptide]] chain is useful for two reasons: to aid the ordering of individual peptide fragments' sequences into a whole chain, and because the first round of [[Edman degradation]] is often contaminated by impurities and therefore does not give an accurate determination of the ''N''-terminal amino acid. A generalised method for ''N''-terminal amino acid analysis follows:
# React the peptide with a reagent that will selectively label the terminal amino acid.
# Hydrolyse the protein.
# Determine the amino acid by chromatography and comparison with standards.

There are many different reagents which can be used to label terminal amino acids. They all react with amine groups and will therefore also bind to amine groups in the side chains of amino acids such as lysine - for this reason it is necessary to be careful in interpreting chromatograms to ensure that the right spot is chosen. Two of the more common reagents are '''Sanger's reagent''' ([[1-fluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene]]) and dansyl derivatives such as [[dansyl chloride]]. [[Phenylisothiocyanate]], the reagent for the Edman degradation, can also be used. The same questions apply here as in the determination of amino acid composition, with the exception that no stain is needed, as the reagents produce coloured derivatives and only qualitative analysis is required.  So the amino acid does not have to be eluted from the chromatography column, just compared with a standard. Another consideration to take into account is that, since any amine groups will have reacted with the labelling reagent, ion exchange chromatography cannot be used, and [[Chromatography#Thin-layer chromatography (TLC)|thin-layer chromatography]] or [[Chromatography#Liquid_chromatography|high-pressure liquid chromatography]] should be used instead.