Editing Proxemics (section)

==Explanations==

=== Biometrics ===
{{Main article|Biometrics}}
Hall used biometric concepts to categorize, explain, and explore the ways people connect in space. These variations in positioning are impacted by a variety of nonverbal communicative factors, listed below.

* '''Kinesthetic factors''': This category deals with how closely the participants are to touching, from being completely outside of body-contact distance to being in physical contact, which parts of the body are in contact, and body part positioning.
* '''[[Haptic communication|Haptic]] code''': This behavioral category concerns how participants are touching one another, such as [[caressing]], holding, feeling, prolonged holding, spot touching, pressing against, accidental brushing, or not touching at all.
* '''Visual code''': This category denotes the amount of [[eye contact]] between participants. Four sub-categories are defined, ranging from eye-to-eye contact to no eye contact at all.
* '''Thermal code''': This category denotes the amount of [[body heat]] that each participant perceives from another. Four sub-categories are defined: [[heat conduction|conducted heat]] detected, [[thermal radiation|radiant heat]] detected, heat probably detected, and no detection of heat.
* '''[[Olfaction|Olfactory]] code''': This category deals in the kind and degree of [[odour|odor]] detected by each participant from the other.
* '''Voice loudness''': This category deals in the [[vocal effort]] used in speech. Seven sub-categories are defined: silent, very soft, soft, normal, normal+, loud, and very loud.

=== Neuropsychology ===
{{Main article|Neuropsychology}}
Whereas Hall's work uses human interactions to demonstrate spatial variation in proxemics, the field of neuropsychology describes personal space in terms of the kinds of "nearness" to an individual body.
* '''Extrapersonal space''': The space that occurs outside the reach of an individual.
* '''[[Michael Graziano#Peripersonal space|Peripersonal space]]''': The space within reach of any limb of an individual. Thus, to be "within arm's length" is to be within one's peripersonal space.
* '''Pericutaneous space''': The space just outside our bodies but which might be near to touching it. Visual-tactile perceptive fields overlap in processing this space. For example, an individual might see a feather as not touching their skin but still experience the sensation of being tickled when it hovers just above their hand. Other examples include the blowing of wind, gusts of air, and the passage of heat.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Elias, L.J. |author2=Saucier, M.S. |year=2005 |title=Neuropsychology: Clinical and Experimental Foundations|location=Boston, MA|publisher=Pearson Education Inc.|isbn=978-0-205-34361-4}}</ref>

Previc<ref>{{cite journal|author=Previc, F.H.|year=1998|title=The neuropsychology of 3D space|journal=Psychol. Bull.|volume=124|issue=2|pages=123–164 |doi=10.1037/0033-2909.124.2.123 |pmid=9747184}}</ref> further subdivides extrapersonal space into ''focal-extrapersonal'' space, ''action-extrapersonal'' space, and ''ambient-extrapersonal'' space.  Focal-extrapersonal space is located in the lateral temporo-frontal pathways at the center of our vision, is retinotopically centered and tied to the position of our eyes, and is involved in object search and  recognition.  Action-extrapersonal-space is located in the medial temporo-frontal pathways, spans the entire space, and is head-centered and involved in orientation and locomotion in topographical space.  Action-extrapersonal space provides the "presence" of our world.   Ambient-extrapersonal space initially courses through the peripheral parieto-occipital visual pathways before joining up with vestibular and other body senses to control posture and orientation in earth-fixed/gravitational space.  Numerous studies involving peripersonal and extrapersonal neglect have shown that peripersonal space is located dorsally in the parietal lobe whereas extrapersonal space is housed ventrally in the temporal lobe.

The [[amygdala]] is suspected of processing people's strong reactions to personal space violations since these are absent in those in which it is damaged and it is activated when people are physically close.<ref name="Kennedy">{{cite journal |vauthors=Kennedy DP, Gläscher J, Tyszka JM, Adolphs R |year=2009 |title=Personal space regulation by the human amygdala |journal=Nat. Neurosci. |volume=12|issue=10 |pages=1226–1227 |pmid=19718035 |doi=10.1038/nn.2381|pmc=2753689}}</ref> Research links the amygdala with emotional reactions to proximity to other people. First, it is activated by such proximity, and second, in those with complete bilateral damage to their amygdala, such as [[S.M. (patient)|patient S.M.]], lack a sense of personal space boundary.<ref name="Kennedy" /> As the researchers have noted: "Our findings suggest that the amygdala may mediate the repulsive force that helps to maintain a minimum distance between people. Further, our findings are consistent with those in monkeys with bilateral amygdala lesions, who stay within closer proximity to other monkeys or people, an effect we suggest arises from the absence of strong emotional responses to personal space violation."<ref name="Kennedy" />

=== Kinematics ===
Some quantitative theories propose that the zone sizes are generated by the potential [[kinematics]] of the two agents, and their abilities to cause or avoid contact with one another.<ref name="Camara, F and Fox, C. 2021 1929–1949">{{cite journal|author=Camara, F and Fox, C.|year=2021|title=Space invaders: Pedestrian proxemic utility functions and trust zones for autonomous vehicle interactions|journal=International Journal of Social Robotics|volume=13|issue=8|pages=1929–1949|doi=10.1007/s12369-020-00717-x|s2cid=230640683 |doi-access=free}}</ref>   Such models also suggest that the zone sizes and shapes should change according to the sizes and speeds of the agents.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Camara, F and Fox, C.|year=2023|title=A kinematic model generates non-circular human proxemics zones|journal= Advanced Robotics|volume=37|issue=24|pages=1566–1575|doi=10.1080/01691864.2023.2263062|doi-access=free}}</ref>