Editing Psychonautics (section)

==Methods==
[[File:Starr 070320-5799 Echinopsis pachanoi.jpg|right|thumb|upright|The San Pedro cactus (''[[Echinopsis pachanoi]]'') has been used for healing and religious divination in the Andes Mountains region for over 3000 years.<ref>{{cite book |author1=Bigwood, Jeremy |author2=Stafford, Peter J. |title=Psychedelics encyclopedia |publisher=Ronin Pub |location=Berkeley, CA |year=1992 |pages=118–9 |isbn=978-0-914171-51-5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ec5hNgYWHtkC&pg=RA2-PA342}}</ref>]]
* [[Hallucinogens]],<ref name="dictionary of hallucinations"/> [[oneirogen]]s, and especially [[psychedelic drug|psychedelics]] such as [[peyote]], [[psilocybin mushroom]]s, [[Lysergic acid diethylamide|LSD]] and [[Dimethyltryptamine|DMT]], but also [[dissociative]]s and ''atypical'' psychedelics such as [[ketamine]], [[dextromethorphan]], ''[[Tabernanthe iboga]]'', ''[[Amanita muscaria]],'' ''[[Salvia divinorum]],'' [[MDMA]], and [[Cannabis (drug)|Cannabis]]
* [[Icaro]]s, which are the songs (i.e. something verbal that is ordinarily perceived as an auditory sensation) the [[Ayahuasca|Ayahuasceros]] sing to induce pictorial representations, rich tapestries of colors and patterns that are visually seen by the listener. (See: [[synesthesia]]) The ayahuasca ingredient, harmine, was once known as telepathine because of this group-facilitated activity of singing icaros and the shared perception it cultivates. A shaman who is one of the Ayahuascero people is expected to memorize as many icaros as they can.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Herzberg |first1=Nicholas |title=Analysing Icaros: The Musicology of Ayahuasca Ceremonies |url=https://www.academia.edu/13517785 |access-date=29 March 2023}}</ref>
* Disruption of psychological and physiological processes required for usual mental states - [[sleep deprivation]], [[fasting]], [[isolation tank|sensory deprivation]],<ref name="dictionary of hallucinations"/> [[oxygen deprivation]]/[[smoke inhalation]], [[holotropic breathwork]]
* [[Ritual]], both as a means of inducing an altered state, and also for practical purposes of [[wikt:grounding|grounding]] and of obtaining suitable focus and intention
* [[Dream]]ing, in particular [[lucid dreaming]]<ref name="dictionary of hallucinations"/> in which the person retains a degree of volition and awareness, and [[dream journal]]s
* [[Hypnosis]]<ref name="dictionary of hallucinations"/>
* [[Meditation]]<ref name="dictionary of hallucinations"/>
* Meditative or [[trance]] inducing dance, like [[Sufi whirling]] can also be used to induce altered state of consciousness
* [[Prayer]]<ref name="dictionary of hallucinations"/>
* [[Biofeedback]] and other devices that change neural activity in the [[brain]] ([[brainwave entrainment]])<ref name="dictionary of hallucinations"/> by means of light, sound, or electrical impulses, including: [[mind machines]], [[dreamachine]]s, [[binaural beats]], and [[cranial electrotherapy stimulation]]
* [[Guided Imagery and Music]] (GIM) refers to all forms of music-imaging in an expanded state of consciousness, including not only the specific individual and group forms that music therapist and researcher Helen Bonny developed, but also all variations and modifications in those forms created by her followers.

These may be used in combination; for example, traditions such as shamanism may combine ritual, fasting, and hallucinogenic substances.