Editing Pyrethroid (section)

==Safety==
===Environmental effects===
Pyrethroids are toxic to insects such as [[bee]]s, [[dragonflies]], [[mayflies]], [[Horse-fly|gadflies]], and some other [[invertebrates]], including those that constitute the base of aquatic and terrestrial [[food webs]].<ref name=dc/> They are toxic to aquatic organisms including fish.<ref name=idph/>

Pyrethroids are usually [[Chemical decomposition|broken apart]] by [[sunlight]] and the atmosphere in one or two days, however when associated with sediment they can persist for some time.{{better reference|date=October 2024}}<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0015794 |pmid=21246035 |pmc=3016336 |title=Environmental Modeling and Exposure Assessment of Sediment-Associated Pyrethroids in an Agricultural Watershed |journal=[[PLOS ONE]]|volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=e15794 |year=2011 |last1=Luo |first1=Yuzhou |last2=Zhang |first2=Minghua |bibcode=2011PLoSO...615794L |doi-access=free }}</ref>

Pyrethroids are unaffected by conventional secondary treatment systems at municipal [[wastewater treatment]] facilities. They appear in the effluent, usually at levels lethal to invertebrates.{{better reference|date=October 2024}}<ref name="weston">{{cite journal |doi=10.1021/es9035573 |pmid=20121184 |title=Urban and Agricultural Sources of Pyrethroid Insecticides to the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta of California |journal= [[Environmental Science & Technology]] |volume=44 |issue=5 |pages=1833–40 |year=2010 |last1=Weston |first1=Donald P |last2=Lydy |first2=Michael J |bibcode=2010EnST...44.1833W }}</ref>

===Humans===
Pyrethroid absorption can happen via skin, inhalation or ingestion.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last1=Bradberry|first1=Sally M.|last2=Cage|first2=Sarah A.|last3=Proudfoot|first3=Alex T.|last4=Vale|first4=J. Allister|date=2005|title=Poisoning due to pyrethroids|journal=[[Toxicological Reviews]]|volume=24|issue=2|pages=93–106|doi=10.2165/00139709-200524020-00003|issn=1176-2551|pmid=16180929|s2cid=32523158}}</ref> Pyrethroids often do not bind efficiently to mammalian [[sodium channel]]s.<ref>{{Cite journal|display-authors=etal|vauthors=Silver KS|date=2014|title=Voltage-gated sodium channels as insecticide targets|journal=[[Advances in Insect Physiology]]|volume=46|pages=389–433|doi=10.1016/B978-0-12-417010-0.00005-7|pmc=6005695|pmid=29928068|isbn=9780124170100}}</ref> They also absorb poorly via skin and human liver is often able to metabolize them relatively efficiently. Pyrethroids are thus much less toxic to humans than to insects.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Ray|first1=David E.|last2=Ray|first2=Dr David|last3=Forshaw|first3=Philip J.|date=2000-01-01|title=Pyrethroid Insecticides: Poisoning Syndromes, Synergies, and Therapy|journal=[[Journal of Toxicology: Clinical Toxicology]]|volume=38|issue=2|pages=95–101|doi=10.1081/CLT-100100922|issn=0731-3810|pmid=10778904|s2cid=22213256}}</ref> 

It is not well established if chronic exposure to small amounts of pyrethroids is hazardous or not.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Burns|first1=C|last2=Pastoor|first2=T|date=2018|title=Pyrethroid epidemiology: a quality-based review|journal=[[Critical Reviews in Toxicology]]|volume=48|issue=4|pages=297–311|doi=10.1080/10408444.2017.1423463|pmid=29389244|doi-access=free}}</ref> However, large doses can cause acute poisoning, which is rarely life threatening. Typical symptoms include facial [[paresthesia]], itching, burning, dizziness, nausea, vomiting and more severe cases of muscle twitching. Severe poisoning is often caused by ingestion of pyrethroids and can result in a variety of symptoms like seizures, [[coma]], bleeding or [[pulmonary edema]].<ref name=":0" /> There is an association of pyrethroids with poorer early social-emotional and language development.<ref name=VHEMBE />

===Other organisms===
Pyrethroids are very toxic to [[cat]]s, but not to [[dog]]s. Poisoning in cats can result in seizures, fever, [[ataxia]] and even death. Poisoning can occur if pyrethroid containing [[flea treatment]] products, which are intended for dogs, are used on cats. The livers of cats detoxify pyrethroids via [[glucuronidation]] more poorly than dogs, which is the cause of this difference.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Boland|first1=L|last2=Angles|first2=J|date=2010|title=Feline permethrin toxicity: retrospective study of 42 cases|journal=[[Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery]]|volume=12|issue=2|pages=61–71|doi=10.1016/j.jfms.2009.09.018|issn=1532-2750|pmid=19897392|s2cid=206051191|pmc=10911430}}</ref> Aside from cats, pyrethroids are typically not toxic to [[mammal]]s or [[bird]]s.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Veterinary toxicology: basic and clinical principles|vauthors=Gupta RC|publisher=Elsevier|year=2007|isbn=978-0-08-048160-9|edition=1st|pages=676–677|doi=10.1016/B978-012370467-2/50153-X|display-authors=etal}}</ref> They are often toxic to [[fish]], [[reptile]]s and [[amphibian]]s.<ref>{{Cite journal|display-authors=etal|vauthors=Ortiz-Santaliestra ME|date=2018|title=Validity of fish, birds and mammals as surrogates for amphibians and reptiles in pesticide toxicity assessment|journal=[[Ecotoxicology (journal)|Ecotoxicology]]|volume=27|issue=7|pages=819–833|doi=10.1007/s10646-018-1911-y|pmid=29492806|bibcode=2018Ecotx..27..819O |s2cid=3604324}}</ref>