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Pyrolysis
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===Types=== Specific types of pyrolysis include: * [[Carbonization]], the complete pyrolysis of organic matter, which usually leaves a solid residue that consists mostly of elemental [[carbon]]. * [[#Methane pyrolysis for hydrogen|Methane pyrolysis]], the direct conversion of methane to [[hydrogen]] fuel and separable solid [[carbon]], sometimes using molten metal catalysts. * [[Hydrous pyrolysis]], in the presence of [[superheated water]] or steam, producing hydrogen and substantial atmospheric carbon dioxide. * [[Dry distillation]], as in the original production of [[sulfuric acid]] from [[sulfate]]s. * [[Destructive distillation]], as in the manufacture of [[charcoal]], [[coke (fuel)|coke]] and [[activated carbon]]. ** [[Charcoal burning]], the production of charcoal. ** [[Tar]] production by destructive distillation of wood in [[tar kiln]]s. * [[Caramelization]] of sugars. * High-temperature [[cooking]] processes such as [[roasting]], [[frying]], toasting, and [[grilling]]. * [[Cracking (chemistry)|Cracking]] of heavier [[hydrocarbon]]s into lighter ones, as in [[oil refining]]. * [[Thermal depolymerization]], which breaks down plastics and other polymers into [[monomer]]s and [[oligomer]]s. * [[Ceramization]]<ref name=pdcs>{{cite journal |last1=Wang |first1=Xifan |last2=Schmidt |first2=Franziska |last3=Hanaor |first3=Dorian |last4=Kamm |first4=Paul H. |last5=Li |first5=Shuang |last6=Gurlo |first6=Aleksander |title=Additive manufacturing of ceramics from preceramic polymers: A versatile stereolithographic approach assisted by thiol-ene click chemistry |journal=Additive Manufacturing |date=May 2019 |volume=27 |pages=80–90 |doi=10.1016/j.addma.2019.02.012 |arxiv=1905.02060 }}</ref> involving the formation of [[polymer derived ceramics]] from [[preceramic polymers]] under an [[inert atmosphere]]. * [[Catagenesis (geology)|Catagenesis]], the natural conversion of [[kerogen|buried organic matter]] to [[fossil fuels]]. * [[Flash vacuum pyrolysis]], used in [[organic synthesis]]. Other pyrolysis types come from a different classification that focuses on the pyrolysis operating conditions and heating system used, which have an impact on the yield of the pyrolysis products. {| class="wikitable" ! Pyrolysis ! Operating conditions ! Pyrolysis product yield (wt%) |- |'''Slow low temperature pyrolysis'''<ref name="auto">{{cite book |doi=10.1016/B978-0-12-804568-8.00008-1 |chapter=Pyrolysis of Biomass for Aviation Fuel |title=Biofuels for Aviation |date=2016 |last1=Jenkins |first1=R.W. |last2=Sutton |first2=A.D. |last3=Robichaud |first3=D.J. |pages=191–215 |isbn=978-0-12-804568-8 }}</ref> |Temperature: 250-450 °C Vapor residence time: 10-100 min Heating rate: 0.1-1 °C/s Feedstock size: 5-50 mm |Bio-oil ~30 Biochar~35 Gases~35 |- |'''Intermediate pyrolysis'''<ref name="auto2">{{cite journal |last1=Tripathi |first1=Manoj |last2=Sahu |first2=J.N. |last3=Ganesan |first3=P. |title=Effect of process parameters on production of biochar from biomass waste through pyrolysis: A review |journal=Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews |date=March 2016 |volume=55 |pages=467–481 |doi=10.1016/j.rser.2015.10.122 |bibcode=2016RSERv..55..467T }}</ref> |Temperature: 600-800 °C Vapor residence time: 0.5-20 s Heating rate: 1.0-10 °C/s Feedstock size: 1-5 mm |Bio-oil~50 Biochar~25 Gases~35 |- |'''Fast low temperature pyrolysis'''<ref name="auto"/> |Temperature: 250-450°C Vapor residence time: 0.5-5 s Heating rate: 10-200 °C/s Feedstock size: <3 mm |Bio-oil ~50 Biochar~20 Gases~30 |- |'''Flash pyrolysis'''<ref name="auto"/> |Temperature: 800-1000 °C Vapor residence time: <5 s Heating rate: >1000 °C/s Feedstock size: <0.2 mm |Bio-oil ~75 Biochar~12 Gases~13 |- |'''Hydro pyrolysis'''<ref name="auto2"/> |Temperature: 350-600 °C Vapor residence time: >15 s Heating rate: 10-300 °C/s |Not assigned |- |'''High temperature pyrolysis''' |Temperature: 800-1150 °C Vapor residence time: 10-100 min Heating rate: 0.1-1 °C/s |Bio-oil ~43 Biochar~22 Gases~45 |}
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