Editing Raspberry (section)

== Cultivation ==
[[File:2010-05-24 Himbeerblüte 01.jpg|right|thumb|Flower]]
Various kinds of raspberries can be cultivated from [[hardiness zone]]s 3 to 9.<ref name=rhs /> Raspberries are traditionally planted in the winter as dormant canes, although planting of tender, plug plants produced by tissue culture has become much more common. A specialized production system called "long cane production" involves growing canes for a year in a northern climate such as Scotland or [[Oregon]] or [[Washington (state)|Washington]], where the chilling requirement for proper bud break is attained, or attained earlier than the ultimate place of planting. These canes are then dug, roots and all, to be replanted in warmer climates such as Spain, where they quickly flower and produce a very early season crop. Plants are typically planted 2–6 per meter in fertile, well drained soil; raspberries are usually planted in raised beds/ridges, if there is any question about root rot problems.{{cn|date=October 2023}}

All cultivars of raspberries have perennial roots, but many do not have perennial shoots. In fact, most raspberries have shoots that are [[biennial plant|biennial]] (meaning shoots grow in the first growing season and fruits grow on those shoots during the second growing season).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Brambles (Fruit Production for the Home Gardener) |url=https://extension.psu.edu/brambles-in-the-home-fruit-planting |access-date=23 October 2021 |website=Fruit Production for the Home Gardener (Penn State Extension) |language=en-us |archive-date=25 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170825040021/http://extension.psu.edu/plants/gardening/fphg/brambles |url-status=live }}</ref> The flowers can be a major [[Northern Nectar Sources for Honeybees|nectar source]] for [[honeybee]]s and other pollinators.{{cn|date=October 2023}}

Raspberries are vigorous and can be locally invasive. They propagate using [[basal shoot]]s (also known as suckers), extended underground shoots that develop roots and individual plants. They can sucker new canes some distance from the main plant. For this reason, raspberries spread well, and can take over gardens if left unchecked. Raspberries are often propagated using cuttings, and will root readily in moist soil conditions.

The fruit is harvested when it comes off the receptacle easily and has turned a deep color (red, black, purple, or golden yellow, depending on the species and cultivar). This is when the fruits are ripest and sweetest.

High tunnel bramble production offers the opportunity to bridge gaps in availability during late fall and late spring. Furthermore, high tunnels allow less hardy floricane-fruiting raspberries to overwinter in climates where they would not otherwise survive. In the tunnel, plants are established at close spacing usually prior to tunnel construction.<ref>"High Tunnel Raspberries and Blackberries", Department of Horticulture publication, Cathy Heidenreich, Marvin Pritts, Mary Jo Kelly., and Kathy Demchak</ref>

=== Cultivars ===
==== Major cultivars ====
[[File:Golden Raspberries.jpg|thumb|Yellow cultivar]]
Raspberries are an important commercial fruit crop, widely grown in all temperate regions of the world. Many of the most important modern commercial red raspberry [[cultivar]]s derive from [[Hybrid (biology)|hybrids]] between ''[[Rubus idaeus|R.&nbsp;idaeus]]'' and ''[[Rubus strigosus|R.&nbsp;strigosus]]''.<ref name=rhs>Huxley, A., ed. (1992). ''New RHS Dictionary of Gardening''. Macmillan {{ISBN|0-333-47494-5}}.</ref> Some botanists consider the Eurasian and American red raspberries to belong to a single, circumboreal species, ''Rubus idaeus'', with the European plants then classified as either ''R.&nbsp;idaeus'' [[subspecies|subsp.]] ''idaeus'' or ''R.&nbsp;idaeus'' [[Variety (botany)|var.]] ''idaeus'', and the native North American red raspberries classified as either ''R.&nbsp;idaeus'' subsp. ''strigosus'', or ''R.&nbsp;idaeus'' [[Variety (botany)|var.]] ''strigosus''. Recent breeding has resulted in [[cultivar]]s that are thornless and more strongly upright, not needing staking.{{cn|date=October 2023}}

The black raspberry, ''[[Rubus occidentalis]]'', is also cultivated, providing both fresh and frozen fruit, as well as jams, preserves, and other products, all with that species' distinctive flavor.

Purple raspberries have been produced by horticultural hybridization of red and black raspberries, and have also been found in the wild in a few places (for example, in [[Vermont]]) where the American red and the black raspberries both grow naturally. Commercial production of purple-fruited raspberries is rare.                   

''Blue raspberry'' is a local name used in [[Prince Edward County, Ontario]], Canada,<ref>{{cite book |last=Woolfrey |first=Sandra Marshall |url=http://www.sandrawoolfrey.ca/wp-content/uploads/2010/07/countydisc241.pdf |title=A Country Mouse with one paw in the Village:Growing up in Prince Edward County |access-date=23 October 2021 |archive-date=21 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921055635/http://www.sandrawoolfrey.ca/wp-content/uploads/2010/07/countydisc241.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> for the cultivar 'Columbian', a hybrid (purple raspberry) of ''R.&nbsp;strigosus'' and ''R.&nbsp;occidentalis''.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Hedrick |first1=U.P. |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/30382#page/10/mode/1up |title=The small fruits of New York |last2=Howe |first2=G.H. |last3=Taylor |first3=O.M. |last4=Berger |first4=A. |last5=Slate |first5=G.L. |last6=Einset |first6=O. |publisher=J. B. Lyon |year=1925 |location=Albany, New York |access-date=23 October 2021 |archive-date=18 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120318115240/http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/30382#page/10/mode/1up |url-status=live}} page 96</ref> ''Blue raspberry'' can also refer to the whitebark raspberry, ''[[Rubus leucodermis|R.&nbsp;leucodermis]]''.{{citation needed|date=April 2021}}

Both the red and the black raspberry species have albino-like pale-yellow natural or horticultural variants, resulting from presence of recessive [[gene]]s that impede production of [[anthocyanin]] pigments.<ref>{{cite journal |journal=Frontiers in Plant Science |volume=7 |last1=Rafique |first1=Muhammad Z. |last2=Carvalho |first2=Elisabete |last3=Stracke |first3=Ralf |last4=Palmieri |first4=Luisa |last5=Herrera |first5=Lorena |last6=Feller |first6=Antje |last7=Malnoy |first7=Mickael |last8=Martens |first8=Stefan |title=Nonsense Mutation Inside Anthocyanidin Synthase Gene Controls Pigmentation in Yellow Raspberry (''Rubus idaeus'' L.) |date=19 December 2016 |doi=10.3389/fpls.2016.01892 |doi-access=free |pmid=28066458 |hdl=10449/36981 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> Fruits from such plants are called golden raspberries or yellow raspberries; despite their similar appearance, they retain the distinctive flavor of their respective species (red or black). Most pale-fruited raspberries commercially sold in the eastern United States are derivatives of red raspberries. Yellow-fruited variants of the black raspberry are sometimes grown in home gardens.

Red raspberries have also been crossed with various species in other subgenera of the genus ''Rubus'', resulting in a number of [[Hybrid (biology)|hybrid]]s, the first of which was the [[loganberry]]. Later notable hybrids include the [[olallieberry]], [[boysenberry]], [[marionberry]], and [[tayberry]]; all are multi-generational hybrids. Hybridization between the familiar cultivated red raspberries and a few Asiatic species of ''Rubus'' has also been achieved.

==== Selected cultivars ====
Numerous raspberry [[cultivar]]s have been selected.

Two types of raspberry are available for commercial and domestic cultivation; the summer-bearing type produces an abundance of fruit on second-year canes (floricanes) within a relatively short period in midsummer, and double or "everbearing" plants, which also bear some fruit on first-year canes (primocanes) in the late summer and fall, as well as the summer crop on second-year canes. Those marked (AGM) have gained the [[Royal Horticultural Society]]'s [[Award of Garden Merit]].

===== Red, early summer fruiting =====
{{div col|colwidth=15em}}
* Boyne
* Cascade Dawn
* Fertödi Venus
* Glen Clova
* Glen Moy (AGM)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/87734/Rubus-idaeus-Glen-Moy-(PBR)-(F)/Details |title=''Rubus idaeus'' 'Glen Moy' |publisher=RHS |access-date=17 February 2021 |archive-date=27 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227211225/https://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/87734/Rubus-idaeus-Glen-Moy-(PBR)-(F)/Details |url-status=live }}</ref>
* Killarney
* Latham
* Malahat
* Malling Exploit
* Malling Jewel (AGM)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/59126/Rubus-idaeus-Malling-Jewel-(F)/Details |title=''Rubus idaeus'' 'Malling Jewel' |publisher=RHS |access-date=17 February 2021 |archive-date=21 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210121220722/https://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/59126/Rubus-idaeus-Malling-Jewel-(F)/Details |url-status=live }}</ref>
* Prelude <ref>{{cite web |url=https://organicgardeningeek.com/all-about-raspberry-plant-50-varieties/ |title=''Raspberry Plant Care'' |date=21 October 2021 |access-date=23 October 2021 |archive-date=23 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211023021331/https://organicgardeningeek.com/all-about-raspberry-plant-50-varieties/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
* Rubin Bulgarski
* Titan
* Willamette
{{div col end}}

===== Red, mid-summer fruiting =====
{{div col|colwidth=15em}}
* Cuthbert
* Glen Ample (AGM)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/115173/rubus-idaeus-glen-ample-pbr-(f)/details |title=''Rubus idaeus'' 'Glen Ample' |publisher=RHS |access-date=17 February 2021 |archive-date=4 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210304042140/https://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/115173/Rubus-idaeus-Glen-Ample-(PBR)-(F)/Details |url-status=live }}</ref>
* Lloyd George
* Meeker
* Newburgh
* Ripley
* Skeena
* Cowichan
* Chemainus
* Saanich
{{div col end}}

===== Red, late summer fruiting =====
{{div col|colwidth=15em}}
* Cascade Delight
* Coho
* Fertödi Rubina
* Glen Magna (AGM)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/115171/Rubus-idaeus-Glen-Magna-(PBR)-(F)/Details |title=''Rubus idaeus'' 'Glen Magna' |publisher=RHS |access-date=17 February 2021 |archive-date=4 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210304035950/https://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/115171/Rubus-idaeus-Glen-Magna-(PBR)-(F)/Details |url-status=live }}</ref>
* Leo (AGM)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/73917/Rubus-idaeus-Leo-(PBR)-(F)/Details |title=''Rubus idaeus'' 'Leo' |publisher=RHS |access-date=17 February 2021 |archive-date=27 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227222611/https://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/73917/Rubus-idaeus-Leo-(PBR)-(F)/Details |url-status=live }}</ref>
* Malling Admiral (AGM)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/47620/Rubus-idaeus-Malling-Admiral-(F)/Details |title=''Rubus idaeus'' 'Malling Admiral' |publisher=RHS |access-date=17 February 2021 |archive-date=6 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210306114713/https://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/47620/Rubus-idaeus-Malling-Admiral-(F)/Details |url-status=live }}</ref>
* Octavia
* Schoenemann
* Tulameen (AGM)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/129074/Rubus-idaeus-Tulameen-(F)/Details |title=''Rubus idaeus'' 'Tulameen' |publisher=RHS |access-date=17 February 2021 |archive-date=24 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224212047/https://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/129074/Rubus-idaeus-Tulameen-(F)/Details |url-status=live }}</ref>
{{div col end}}

===== Red primocane, autumn fruiting =====
{{div col|colwidth=15em}}
* Amity
* Augusta
* Autumn Bliss (AGM)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/76281/Rubus-idaeus-Autumn-Bliss-(F)/Details |title=''Rubus idaeus'' 'Autumn Bliss' |publisher=RHS |access-date=17 February 2021 |archive-date=27 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227205602/https://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/76281/Rubus-idaeus-Autumn-Bliss-(F)/Details |url-status=live }}</ref>
* Joan J. (Thornless)
* Caroline
* Fertödi Kétszertermö
* Heritage
* Imara
* Joan J<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/195937/Rubus-idaeus-Joan-J-(PBR)-(F)/Details |title=''Rubus idaeus'' 'Joan J' |publisher=RHS |access-date=17 February 2021 |archive-date=4 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210304034647/https://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/195937/Rubus-idaeus-Joan-J-(PBR)-(F)/Details |url-status=live }}</ref>
* Josephine
* Kwanza
* Kweli
* Mapema
* Polka (AGM)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/226503/Rubus-idaeus-Polka-(PBR)-(F)/Details |title=''Rubus idaeus'' 'Polka' |publisher=RHS |access-date=17 February 2021 |archive-date=27 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227220912/https://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/226503/Rubus-idaeus-Polka-(PBR)-(F)/Details |url-status=live }}</ref>
* Rafiki
* Ripley
* Summit
* Zeva Herbsternte
{{div col end}}

===== Yellow primocane, autumn fruiting =====
{{div col|colwidth=15em}}
* Anne
* Fallgold
* Fertödi Aranyfürt
* Goldenwest
* Golden Queen
* Honey Queen
* Jambo
* Kiwi Gold
{{div col end}}

===== Purple (hybrids between black and red raspberries) =====
{{div col|colwidth=15em}}
* Brandywine
* Glencoe
* Royalty
{{div col end}}

===== Black =====
{{main|Rubus occidentalis}}
{{div col|colwidth=15em}}
* Black Hawk
* Bristol
* Cumberland
* Jewel
* Logan
* Morrison
* Munger
* Ohio Everbearer
* Scepter
{{div col end}}

===== Dwarf cultivars =====
* {{tdes|Ruby Beauty}} = 'Nr7'<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/347371/Rubus-idaeus-Ruby-Beauty-Nr7-(PBR)-(F)/Details |title=''Rubus idaeus'' {{tdes|''Ruby Beauty''}} = 'Nr7' |publisher=RHS |access-date=17 February 2021 |archive-date=7 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210607190303/https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/347371/Rubus-idaeus-Ruby-Beauty-Nr7-(PBR)-(F)/Details |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Diseases and pests ===
Raspberries are sometimes eaten by the [[larva]]e of some [[Lepidoptera]] species (butterflies and moths). More serious are the [[raspberry beetle]] (in Europe)<ref name="EPPO-GD-rasp-beetle">{{cite web |title=''Byturus tomentosus'' (BYTUTO){{bracket|World distribution}} |website=Global Database |publisher=[[European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization]] (EPPO) |date=1 July 2011 |url=http://gd.eppo.int/taxon/BYTUTO/distribution |access-date=28 April 2021 |archive-date=30 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210430105433/https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/BYTUTO/distribution |url-status=live }}</ref> and the [[Byturus unicolor|raspberry fruitworm]] (in North America),<ref name="iNaturalist-rasp-worm">{{cite web |title=Raspberry Fruitworm Beetle (''Byturus unicolor'') |website=[[iNaturalist]] |url=http://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/215612-Byturus-unicolor |language=en |access-date=28 April 2021 |archive-date=24 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220724220041/https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/215612-Byturus-unicolor |url-status=live }}</ref> whose larvae can damage raspberries.

''[[Botrytis cinerea]]'', or gray mold, is a common fungal infection of raspberries and other soft fruit under wet conditions. It is seen as a gray mold growing on the raspberries, and particularly affects fruit which are bruised, as the bruises provide an easy entrance point for the spores.

Raspberry plants should not be planted where potatoes, tomatoes, peppers, eggplants, or bulbs have previously been grown, without prior fumigation of the soil. These crops are hosts for the disease [[Verticillium wilt|''Verticillium'' wilt]], a fungus that can stay in the soil for many years and can infest the raspberry crop.

==== Animals ====
Raspberries, among other plants with high sugar content like peaches, are prime targets for the [[Japanese beetle]], which relies heavily on these sources as its main food resource. The voracious feeding habits of Japanese beetles not only pose a direct threat to raspberry plants but also increase the risk of transmitting various plant diseases. This dual impact can significantly undermine agricultural productivity, making it crucial for raspberry growers to implement effective pest management strategies to mitigate the damage caused by Japanese beetle infestations.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Japanese beetle - Popillia japonica |url=https://entnemdept.ufl.edu/creatures/orn/beetles/japanese_beetle.htm |access-date=25 April 2024 |website=entnemdept.ufl.edu }}</ref><ref>{{Cite report |title=Popillia japonica (Japanese beetle) |last=Klein |first=M |date=7 January 2022 |doi=10.1079/cabicompendium.43599 |language=en |doi-access=free }}</ref>