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=== Clerical philosophers === {{main|Clerical philosophers}} In the [[French Revolution]]'s aftermath, France was continually wracked by quarrels between right-wing [[legitimists]] and left-wing revolutionaries. Herein arose the clerical philosophers—[[Joseph de Maistre]], [[Louis de Bonald]], [[François-René de Chateaubriand]]—whose answer was restoring the [[House of Bourbon]] and reinstalling the Catholic Church as the [[established church]]. Since then, France's political spectrum has featured similar divisions (see {{lang|fr|[[Action Française]]}}). The teachings of the 19th-century popes buttressed the ideas of the clerical philosophers.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Fawcett |first=Edmund |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TO3eDwAAQBAJ |title=Conservatism: The Fight for a Tradition |date=2020 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-0-691-17410-5|pages=3–25}}</ref>
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