Editing Restoration Movement (section)

==Stone movement==
{{Main |Christians (Stone Movement)}}
[[File:Stonebw01.jpg|thumb|upright|left|[[Barton W. Stone]]]]
{{Wikisource |Last Will and Testament of The Springfield Presbytery}}

===Cane Ridge revival===
[[File:Cane Ridge Meeting House Interior.JPG|thumb|Interior of the [[Cane Ridge Meeting House|original meeting house]] at Cane Ridge, Kentucky]]
In 1801, the [[Cane Ridge Revival]] in Kentucky planted the seed for a movement in Kentucky and the [[Ohio River]] valley to disassociate from [[Christian denomination]]alism. In 1803, [[Barton W. Stone]] and others withdrew from the [[Kentucky Synod]] and formed the [[Springfield Presbytery]]. The defining event of the Stone wing of the movement was the publication of ''Last Will and Testament of The Springfield Presbytery'' at Cane Ridge, Kentucky, in 1804. The brief document announces their withdrawal from [[Presbyterianism]] and their intention to be solely part of the broader [[Christian Church]].<ref>{{Citation | last1 = Marshall | first1 = Robert | last2 = Dunlavy | first2 = John | last3 = M'nemar | first3 = Richard | last4 = Stone | first4 = BW | last5 = Thompson | first5 = John | last6 = Purviance | first6 = David | year = 1804 | url = https://www.mun.ca/rels/restmov/texts/rmcnemar/ocg/OCG.HTM#Will | title = The Last Will and Testament of the Springfield Presbytery | publisher = MUN | place = [[Canada|CA]]}}.</ref> The writers appeal for the unity of all who follow Jesus, suggest the value of congregational self-governance, and declare the Bible as the source for understanding the will of God. They denounced the "divisive" use of the [[Westminster Confession of Faith]]<ref name="McAlister & Tucker, 1975" />{{rp |79}} and adopted the name "Christian" to identify their group.<ref name="McAlister & Tucker, 1975" />{{rp |80}}    
[[File:Bust_of_Barton_W._Stone,_in_cemetery,_at_Cane_Ridge_Meeting_House,_near_Paris,_KY.jpg|thumb|upright|Bust of Barton W. Stone, in cemetery, at Cane Ridge]]
By 1804, [[Elias Smith]] had heard of the Stone movement; he had heard of the O'Kelly movement by 1808.<ref name="Encyclopedia of the Stone-Campbell Movement: Christian Connection" />{{rp |190}} Although not formally merged, the three groups were cooperating and fellowshiping by 1810.<ref name="Encyclopedia of the Stone-Campbell Movement: Christian Connection" />{{rp |190}} At that time the combined movement had a membership of approximately 20,000.<ref name="Encyclopedia of the Stone-Campbell Movement: Christian Connection" />{{rp|190}} This loose fellowship of churches was called by the names [[Christian Connection]] (also Christian Connexion) or "Christian Church."<ref name="Allen & Hughes 1988" />{{rp |68}}<ref name="Encyclopedia of the Stone-Campbell Movement: Christian Connection" />{{rp |190}}

===Characteristics===
The cornerstone of the Stone movement was Christian freedom.<ref name="Allen & Hughes 1988" />{{rp |104}} This ideal of freedom led them to reject all the historical creeds, traditions, and theological systems that had developed over time and to focus instead on a "primitive" Christianity based on the Christian Bible.<ref name="Allen & Hughes 1988" />{{rp |104–5}}

While restoring "primitive" Christianity was central to the Stone movement, they believed restoring the ''lifestyle'' of members of the early church was essential. During the early years, they "focused more... on holy and righteous living than on the forms and structures of the early church."<ref name="Allen & Hughes 1988" />{{rp |103}} The group also worked to restore the "primitive" church.<ref name="Allen & Hughes 1988" />{{rp |104}} Concerned that emphasizing particular practices could undermine Christian freedom, this effort tended to take the form of rejecting tradition rather than an explicit program of reconstructing New Testament practices.<ref name= "Allen & Hughes 1988" />{{rp |104}} The emphasis on freedom was so strong that the movement avoided developing any ecclesiastical traditions; it was "largely without dogma, form, or structure."<ref name="Allen & Hughes 1988" />{{rp |104–5}} What held "the movement together was a commitment to primitive Christianity."<ref name="Allen & Hughes 1988" />{{rp |105}}

Another theme was that of [[millennialism]].<ref name="Allen & Hughes 1988" />{{rp |104}} Many Christian Americans of the period believed that the millennium was near and based their hopes for the millennium on their new nation, the [[United States]].<ref name="Allen & Hughes 1988" />{{rp |104}} Members of the Stone movement believed that only a unified Christianity based on the [[Christianity in the 1st century|apostolic]] church, rather than a country or any of the existing denominations, could lead to the coming of the millennium.<ref name= "Allen & Hughes 1988" />{{rp |104}} Stone's millennialism has been described as more "[[Apocalypticism|apocalyptic]]" than that of [[Alexander Campbell (minister)|Alexander Campbell]], in that he believed people were too flawed to usher in a millennial age through human progress.<ref name="Hughes and Roberts, 2001" />{{rp |6,7}} Rather, he believed that it depended on the power of God and that while waiting for God to establish His kingdom, one should live as if the rule of God were already fully established.<ref name="Hughes and Roberts, 2001" />{{rp |6}} For the Stone movement, this millennial emphasis had less to do with [[Eschatology|eschatological]] theories and more about a countercultural commitment to live as if the kingdom of God were already established on earth.<ref name="Hughes and Roberts, 2001" />{{rp|6,7}} This apocalyptic perspective or worldview led many in the Stone movement to adopt [[pacifism]], avoid participating in civil government, and reject violence, militarism, greed, materialism, and slavery.<ref name="Hughes and Roberts, 2001" />{{rp|6}}