Editing Retrograde signaling (section)

=== In plants ===
One of the most studied retrograde signaling molecules in plants are [[reactive oxygen species]] (ROS).<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Maruta T, Noshi M, Tanouchi A, Tamoi M, Yabuta Y, Yoshimura K, Ishikawa T, Shigeoka S | display-authors = 6 | title = H2O2-triggered retrograde signaling from chloroplasts to nucleus plays specific role in response to stress | journal = The Journal of Biological Chemistry | volume = 287 | issue = 15 | pages = 11717–29 | date = April 2012 | pmid = 22334687 | pmc = 3320920 | doi = 10.1074/jbc.m111.292847 | doi-access = free }}</ref> These compounds, previously believed to be damaging to the cell, have since been discovered to act as a signaling molecule.<ref name="Schieber_2014">{{cite journal | vauthors = Schieber M, Chandel NS | title = ROS function in redox signaling and oxidative stress | journal = Current Biology | volume = 24 | issue = 10 | pages = R453-62 | date = May 2014 | pmid = 24845678 | pmc = 4055301 | doi = 10.1016/j.cub.2014.03.034 | bibcode = 2014CBio...24.R453S }}</ref> Reactive oxygen species are created as a by-product of aerobic respiration and act on genes involved in the stress response.<ref name="Schieber_2014" /> Depending on the stress, reactive oxygen species can act on neighboring cells to initiate a local signal.<ref name="Shapiguzov_2012">{{cite journal | vauthors = Shapiguzov A, Vainonen JP, Wrzaczek M, Kangasjärvi J | title = ROS-talk - how the apoplast, the chloroplast, and the nucleus get the message through | journal = Frontiers in Plant Science | volume = 3 | pages = 292 | date = 2012 | pmid = 23293644 | pmc = 3530830 | doi = 10.3389/fpls.2012.00292 | doi-access = free }}</ref> By doing this, surrounding cells are "primed" to react to the stress because genes involved in stress response are initiated prior to encountering the stress.<ref name="Shapiguzov_2012" /> The chloroplast can also act as a sensor for pathogen response and drought. Detection of these stresses in the cell will induce the formation of compounds that can then act on the nucleus to produce pathogen resistance genes or drought tolerance.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Estavillo GM, Chan KX, Phua SY, Pogson BJ | title = Reconsidering the nature and mode of action of metabolite retrograde signals from the chloroplast | journal = Frontiers in Plant Science | volume = 3 | pages = 300 | date = 2013 | pmid = 23316207 | pmc = 3539676 | doi = 10.3389/fpls.2012.00300 | doi-access = free }}</ref>