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Rhythmic gymnastics
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== Elements == Elements in rhythmic gymnastics have assigned difficulty values that contribute to the overall difficulty score. They are generally divided into two types: body and apparatus difficulties. New difficulties may be submitted to the technical committee by coaches.<ref name=":4" /> === Body difficulties === Body difficulties are elements performed using the body, with each one having a defined shape. The apparatus must continue to be used during a body difficulty, and gymnasts must perform at least one of each type and generally should not repeat the exact same element during one exercise. The types of body difficulties are: * Jumps/Leaps: Jumps must be high enough to show a well-defined shape in the air. The same leap may be repeated in a series. * Balances: A balance must be held for at least one second. They can be performed alone or in a dynamic balance, in which the gymnast performs at least three balances in combination on the same foot with a turn between each balance. * Rotations: Rotations are turns generally performed either on a flat foot or on [[Relevé (dance)|relevé]], but they can also be performed on other parts of the body. * For groups: Exchanges, which are an element where all five gymnasts perform a high, long throw of their apparatus to another gymnast and then catch an apparatus thrown by another gymnast. This can be done simultaneously by the whole group, or one sub-group may perform an exchange before the rest of the gymnasts do so. In addition, gymnasts may perform full body waves, which are a wave of movement through the whole body from the head through the feet or vice versa. Individuals may also perform up to four dynamic elements with rotation, which are commonly known as risks. During a risk, the gymnast throws the apparatus high into the air and rotates at least twice underneath it, using either a series of turning leaps or a combination of rolls, turns on the feet, or pre-acrobatic elements such as [[Cartwheel (gymnastics)|cartwheels]] or walkovers, before catching the apparatus. Groups may elect to perform a single risk.<gallery> File:2018-10-16 Gymnastics at 2018 Summer Youth Olympics – Rhythmic Gymnastics - Ribbon final (Martin Rulsch) 182.jpg|Butterfly jump ([[Khrystyna Pohranychna]]) File:Nicol Ruprecht 2016 Olympics Test Event 4.jpg|Split leap ([[Nicol Ruprecht]]) File:Ekaterina Volkova 2016 Olympics Test Event 1.jpg|Chest balance ([[Ekaterina Volkova (rhythmic gymnast)|Ekaterina Volkova]]) File:Laura Jung Rhythmische Gymnastin GER.JPG|Side split balance ([[Laura Jung]]) File:Conjunto español 2012 Londres 04.png|Rotation in [[penché]] position (Spanish group) File:Boryana Kaleyn 2024 Sofia World Cup Ribbon QF 2.jpg|Rotation done as [[Fouette|fouetté]] turns ([[Boryana Kaleyn]]) File:Rhythmic gymnastics at the 2017 Summer Universiade (36386761514).jpg|Simultaneous exchange (Japanese group) File:Stiliana Nikolova 2024 Sofia World Cup risk.webm|A risk performed with several rolls ([[Stiliana Nikolova]]) </gallery> === Apparatus difficulties === [[File:Italy 2024 Sofia World Cup 5 Hoops Final 5.jpg|thumb|A collaboration by the Italian group|alt=One gymnast stands in a back split with several hoops while four others perform]] [[File:Uzbekistan Rhythmic Gymnastics Group 2020 Olympics 5 Balls 3.jpg|thumb|A collaboration with a lift by the Uzbekistani group|alt=Three gymnasts lift a fourth]] Apparatus difficulties are elements performed with the apparatus. Each apparatus difficulty has either one base element and two or more criteria executed during that base, or the base element of a catch from a high throw combined with a second base element and one or more criteria executed during both bases. A base is a basic movement or usage of the apparatus, such as a large roll of the hoop, and a criterion is a way of performing a movement which makes it more difficult, such as performing it outside of the visual field or without using the hands. The base elements differ somewhat by apparatus, with some bases (such as a high throw) being valid for all apparatuses and others being particular to one apparatus (such as creating a spiral pattern with the ribbon fabric). For groups, apparatus difficulties include collaborations between all five gymnasts, in which each gymnast works with one or more apparatuses and one or more partners. These can include multiple apparatuses being thrown at once or gymnasts lifting another gymnast. === Dance steps === Another required element is the dance steps combination, which must last for at least eight seconds, have a defined character that matches the music, and be performed without high throws of the apparatus, any apparatus difficulties, or pre-acrobatic elements. Two sets of dance steps are required for each exercise. Unlike the body and apparatus difficulties, they are evaluated as part of the artistry score rather than the difficulty score.
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