Editing Ron Rivest (section)

===Cryptography===
The publication of the [[RSA (cryptosystem)|RSA cryptosystem]] by Rivest, [[Adi Shamir]], and [[Leonard Adleman]] in 1978{{ran|C1}} revolutionized modern cryptography by providing the first usable and publicly described method for [[public-key cryptography]]. The three authors won the 2002 [[Turing Award]], the top award in computer science, for this work. The award cited "their ingenious contribution to making public-key cryptography useful in practice".<ref name=turing>{{cite web|url=https://amturing.acm.org/award_winners/rivest_1403005.cfm|title=Ronald (Ron) Linn Rivest|work=ACM Turing Award laureates|publisher=Association for Computing Machinery|access-date=2023-04-15}}</ref> The same paper that introduced this cryptosystem also introduced [[Alice and Bob]], the fictional heroes of many subsequent [[cryptographic protocol]]s.<ref>{{cite journal
 | last = Hayes | first = Brian | author-link = Brian Hayes (scientist)
 | date = September–October 2012
 | department = Computing science
 | doi = 10.1511/2012.98.362
 | issue = 5
 | journal = [[American Scientist]]
 | jstor = 43707638
 | page = 362
 | publisher = Sigma Xi
 | title = Alice and Bob in cipherspace
 | volume = 100}}</ref> In the same year, Rivest, Adleman, and [[Michael Dertouzos]] first formulated [[homomorphic encryption]] and its applications in secure [[cloud computing]],{{ran|C2}} an idea that would not come to fruition until over 40 years later when secure homomorphic encryption algorithms were finally developed.<ref>{{cite book
 | last1 = Yi | first1 = Xun
 | last2 = Paulet | first2 = Russell
 | last3 = Bertino | first3 = Elisa | author3-link = Elisa Bertino
 | doi = 10.1007/978-3-319-12229-8
 | publisher = Springer International Publishing
 | series = Springer Briefs in Computer Science
 | title = Homomorphic Encryption and Applications
 | year = 2014| isbn = 978-3-319-12228-1
 | s2cid = 11182158
 }} See especially p. 47: "The concept of FHE was introduced by Rivest under the name privacy homomorphisms. The problem of constructing a scheme with these properties remained unsolved until 2009, when Gentry presented his breakthrough result."</ref>

Rivest was one of the inventors of the [[GMR (cryptography)|GMR public signature scheme]], published with [[Shafi Goldwasser]] and [[Silvio Micali]] in 1988,{{ran|C3}}<ref>{{cite book
 | last1 = Menezes | first1 = Alfred J. | author1-link = Alfred Menezes
 | last2 = van Oorschot | first2 = Paul C. | author2-link = Paul van Oorschot
 | last3 = Vanstone | first3 = Scott A. | author3-link = Scott Vanstone
 | chapter = 11.6.4 The GMR one-time signature scheme
 | chapter-url = https://cacr.uwaterloo.ca/hac/about/chap11.pdf
 | isbn = 0-8493-8523-7
 | pages = 468–471
 | publisher = CRC Press
 | title = Handbook of Applied Cryptography
 | year = 1996}}</ref>
and of [[ring signature]]s, an anonymized form of [[group signature]]s invented with Shamir and [[Yael Tauman Kalai]] in 2001.{{ran|C7}} He designed the [[MD4]] and [[MD5]] [[cryptographic hash function]]s, published in 1990 and 1992 respectively,{{ran|C4}}{{ran|C5}} and a sequence of [[symmetric key]] [[block cipher]]s that include [[RC2]], [[RC4]], [[RC5]], and [[RC6]].{{ran|C6}}{{ran|C8}}

Other contributions of Rivest to cryptography include [[chaffing and winnowing]], the [[interlock protocol]] for authenticating [[Key-agreement protocol|anonymous key-exchange]], cryptographic [[time capsule]]s such as [[LCS35]] based on anticipated improvements to computation speed through [[Moore's law]], [[key whitening]] and its application through the [[xor–encrypt–xor]] key mode in extending the Data Encryption Standard to [[DES-X]], and the [[Peppercoin]] system for cryptographic [[micropayment]]s.