Editing Sac and Fox Nation (section)

==History==
The Sac or Thakiwaki lived near [[Lake Huron]] and [[Lake Michigan]] at the time of European contact. In 1832 they participated in the [[Black Hawk War]] against the United States. Military leader [[Black Hawk (Sauk leader)|Black Hawk]] remains a cultural hero today. After the war, the tribe relocated several times from [[Illinois]] to [[Iowa]], [[Kansas]], and finally [[Indian Territory]] in the 1870s.<ref name=ohs/>

Their current lands were part of the larger, historical Sac and Fox Reservation of 1867–1891, which was {{convert|480000|acre|km2}} and established by the United States to provide land to the tribes.<ref name=ohs/> But by the late 19th century, U.S. policy changed again. Under the [[Dawes Act]] of 1887, these tribal land holdings were divided into 160-acre allotments for individual households, intended to encourage the Native Americans to establish subsistence farming according to the European-American cultural ways. Not only did the act not recognize Native American culture, but in many places in this arid land, the allotments were too small to be farmed successfully. Their land was allotted under a June 12, 1890 agreement with the [[Cherokee Commission]]. (Individual commissions were set up to manage the allotment of lands of various tribes in Native American Territory. Land remaining after the allotments was declared "surplus" by the US and sold, primarily to non-Natives.<ref>{{cite book|last=Deloria Jr.|first=Vine|title=Documents of American Indian Diplomacy Treaties, Agreements, and Conventions, 1775–1979 |pages=323–26 |year=1999 |publisher=University of Oklahoma Press |isbn=978-0-8061-3118-4 |author2=DeMaille, Raymond J.}}</ref> Under the related [[Curtis Act]] of 1898, the tribal government and its institutions were dismantled. 

The tribe was previously known as the Sac and Fox Tribe of Indians of the Mississippi River.<ref name=ohs/> The Sac and Fox tribe had historically occupied large portions of Wisconsin, Iowa, and Missouri, which they gradually ceded to the US by treaties forced by European-American encroachment. By an October 11, 1842 treaty they were [[Indian Removal|removed]] out of the Midwest to a reservation in Kansas.<ref>United States Senate. (1890). ''Congressional Serial Set.'' "Executive Documents of the Senate of the U.S. First Session of the Fiftieth Congress". Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office. p. 8. [https://books.google.com/books?id=ZwEZAAAAYAAJ Google Books.] Retrieved 15 March 2020.</ref> Noted diplomat [[Jeffrey Deroine]], a formerly enslaved man, served as an interpreter for this treaty.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Olson |first1=Greg |title=Jeffrey Deroine: Ioway Translator, Frontier Diplomat |date=1 August 2015 |publisher=Truman State University Press |isbn=978-1-61248-154-8 |page=45 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pTIzEAAAQBAJ&q=1842+treaty}}</ref>

By 1889 519 of the tribe were located in Indian Territory, what is now central Oklahoma.<ref>United States. Office of Indian Affairs. (1899). ''Annual Report of the Commissioner of Indian Affairs to the Secretary of the Interior for the Fiscal Year Ended ...'' Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office. pp. 199–201.[https://books.google.com/books?id=9VxGAQAAIAAJ&q=sac+fox+indians+canadian+river Google Books.] Retrieved 15 March 2020.</ref> On June 10, 1890, they ceded these [[Indian Territory]] lands to the federal government.<ref>United States Senate. (1890). ''Congressional Serial Set.'' "Executive Documents of the Senate of the U.S. First Session of the Fiftieth Congress". Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office. pp. 16–21. [https://books.google.com/books?id=ZwEZAAAAYAAJ Google Books.] Retrieved 15 March 2020.</ref>

===Self-government re-established in 20th century===
The administration of President [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] established what was called an "Indian New Deal", passing a law to encourage tribes to re-establish self-government. The [[Oklahoma Indian Welfare Act]] of 1934 was passed by its legislature in a similar effort. In 1937, the Sac and Fox organized Under these laws and gained federal recognition as a tribe, with an independent relationship to the federal government. They have areas of tribal jurisdiction in Oklahoma, while no longer having a reservation.

Under their constitution, they established tribal citizenship as applying to everyone listed on the tribal [[Dawes Rolls]] and their descendants, as long as individuals had a minimum [[blood quantum]] of one-eighth Sac and Fox blood (equivalent to one great-grandparent). They recognize that descendants may be brought up as culturally Sac and Fox while having mixed ancestry.<ref>[http://www.sacandfoxnation-nsn.gov/departments/government/constitution/ "Constitution."] ''Sac and Fox Nation.'' (retrieved April 12, 2010)</ref>

===Late 20th century to present===
[[File:Thorpe.jpg|thumb|right|170px|[[Jim Thorpe]], Sac and Fox Nation Olympic athlete]]
The tribe has become increasingly active in asserting its sovereignty since the late 20th century. In 1983, the tribal government established its own system for registering vehicles and issuing license plates for tribal citizens. The state of Oklahoma tried to collect registration fees anyway, and the tribe sued. The US Supreme Court ruled in the tribe's favor of its independent sovereignty on May 17, 1993, in ''[[Oklahoma Tax Commission v. Sac & Fox Nation]].'' Other tribes have since established their own systems for vehicle registration on tribal lands. The Sac and Fox Nation celebrate May 17 as "Victory Day."<ref name=ohs/>

Tribal officials have concentrated on the federal management of trust land fees and environmental issues on their land that has been leased for oil production. On May 16, 1989, a tribal representative group that included Elmer Manatowa, Principal Chief; Truman Carter, Treasurer; William Rice, Attorney General; James L. Welsh III, Director of Real Estate; and Curtis Cunard, Petroleum Consultant, testified before the 101st Congress, Special Committee on Investigations of the Select Committee on Indian Affairs, United States Senate. The testimony examined the federal government's management of water and natural resources of the Sac and Fox Nation. They testified to the extensive surface damage and permanent contamination of the tribal drinking water, which was destroyed by waterflooding techniques and the injection well process used by the oil companies. These officers also testified to the lack of federal oversight and trust management responsibilities, including fraudulent real estate appraisals of their lands. This historic testimony by the tribe's representatives, the result of their internal investigations, revealed the extensive mismanagement of the [[Bureau of Indian Affairs]] (BIA) and its failure in carrying out trust responsibilities. 

This was one of a series of suits by tribes against the government on the financial management of trust land fees. As a result, the BIA has made significant trust management changes. Through the courts, the US and the Sac and Fox Nation came to historic financial settlements in compensation for some of the damage.{{citation needed|date=February 2019}}