Editing Samhan (section)

== Languages ==
{{main article|Han languages}}

One of the most prominent leader of the Han ([[Korean language|Korean]]: 한; 韓) Immigration was [[Jun of Gojoseon|King Jun of Gojoseon]] from the northern Korea, having lost the throne to [[Wiman of Gojoseon|Wiman]], fled to the state of [[Jin (Korean state)|Jin]] in southern Korea around 194 - 180 BC.<ref>{{cite book |first=Gina Lee |last=Barnes |title=State Formation in Korea: Historical and Archaeological Perspectives |publisher=Psychology Press |year=2001 |isbn=0700713239 |pages=29–33}}</ref> He and his followers established [[Mahan confederacy|Mahan]] which was one of the Samhan ("Three Hans"), along with [[Byeonhan confederacy|Byeonhan]] and [[Jinhan confederacy|Jinhan]]. Further Han(韓) migration followed the fall of Gojoseon and establishment of the Chinese commanderies in 108 BC.

The [[Han languages|Samhan languages]] ([[Korean language|Korean]]: 삼한어; 三韓語) were a branch of the ancient [[Koreanic languages]],<ref name="Indiana">{{citation |year=2014 |title=Multitree: A digital library of language relationships |location=Bloomington, Indiana |publisher=Department of Linguistics, The LINGUIST List, Indiana University |url=http://multitree.org/}}</ref><ref name=Kim2003>{{cite book |last=Kim |first=Nam-Kil |year=2003 |chapter=Korean |editor-last=Frawley |editor-first=William J. |title=International Encyclopedia of Linguistics |volume=1 |location=Oxford |publisher=Oxford University Press |pages=366–370}}</ref><ref name=Kim2009>{{cite book |last=Kim |first=Nam-Kil |year=2009 |chapter=Korean |editor-last=Comrie |editor-first=Bernard |title=The World's Major Languages |edition=2nd |location=London |publisher=Routledge |pages=765–779}}</ref><ref name=LeeRamsey2011>{{cite book |last1=Lee |first1=Ki-Moon |last2=Ramsey |first2=S. Robert |year=2011 |title=A History of the Korean Language |publisher=Cambridge University Press}}</ref><ref name="Crannell">{{cite book |title=Voice and Articulation |first=Kenneth C. |last=Crannell |year=2011 |publisher=Wadsworth Company}}</ref><ref>{{citation |title=Studies on the phonological system of Korean |author=Kim Wan-jin |year=1981 |publisher=Ilchogak}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Community languages: a handbook |first1=Barbara M. |last1=Horvath |first2=Paul |last2=Vaughan |year=1991 |publisher=Multilingual Matters}}</ref> referring to the non-Buyeo Koreanic languages,<ref name="Indiana" /> once spoken in the southern [[Korea|Korean Peninsula]], which were closely related to the [[Puyŏ languages|Buyeo languages]].<ref name="Crannell" />

The Samhan languages were spoken in the [[Mahan language|Mahan]], [[Byeonhan confederacy|Byeonhan]] and [[Jinhan confederacy|Jinhan]].<ref name=Kim2003/><ref name=Kim2009/><ref name=LeeRamsey2011/> The extent of [[Han languages]] is unclear. It is generally accepted as including [[Old Korean|Sillan]], and may also have included [[Baekje language|the language(s) spoken in Baekje]]. A number of researchers have suggested that [[Baekje]] may have been bilingual, with the ruling class speaking a [[Puyŏ language]] and the commoners speaking a Han language.{{sfnp|Kōno|1987|pp=84–85}}{{sfnp|Kim|2009|p=766}}{{sfnp|Beckwith|2004|pp=20–21}}{{sfnp|Vovin|2005|p=119}}

Linguistic evidence suggests that [[Japonic languages]] (see [[Peninsular Japonic]]) were spoken in large parts of the southern [[Korean Peninsula]], but its speakers were eventually assimilated by [[Koreanic languages|Koreanic-speaking peoples]] and the languages replaced/supplanted.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Janhunen|first=Juha|date=2010|title=RECONSTRUCTING THE LANGUAGE MAP OF PREHISTORICAL NORTHEAST ASIA|url=|journal=Studia Orientalia 108 (2010)|volume=|pages=|quote=... there are strong indications that the neighbouring Baekje state (in the southwest) was predominantly Japonic-speaking until it was linguistically Koreanized.|via=}}</ref><ref>Vovin, Alexander (2013). "From Koguryo to Tamna: Slowly riding to the South with speakers of Proto-Korean". ''Korean Linguistics''. '''15''' (2): 222–240.</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Miyamoto |first=Kazuo |date=2022 |title=The emergence of 'Transeurasian' language families in Northeast Asia as viewed from archaeological evidence |journal=Evolutionary Human Sciences |language=en |volume=4 |pages=e3 |doi=10.1017/ehs.2021.49 |pmid=37588923 |pmc=10426040 |s2cid=246999130 |issn=2513-843X|doi-access=free }}</ref> Evidence also suggests that Peninsular Japonic and Koreanic languages co-existed in the southern Korean Peninsula for an extended period of time and influenced each other.{{sfnp|Janhunen|2010|p=294}}{{sfnp|Vovin|2013|pp=222, 237}}{{sfnp|Unger|2009|p=87}} As has been suggested for the later Korean kingdom of [[Baekje]],{{sfnp|Vovin|2005|p=119}}{{sfnp|Kōno|1987|pp=84–85}}{{sfnp|Kim|2009|p=766}}{{sfnp|Beckwith|2004|pp=20–21}} it is possible that the Samhan states were bilingual prior to the complete replacement of Peninsular Japonic by Koreanic languages.