Editing Science and technology in China (section)

== Institutions ==
{{See also|Category:Research institutes in China}}
The [[State Council of the People's Republic of China]] is the top administrative organ in China. Immediately below it are several ministries and ministry level organizations involved with various aspects of science and technology.<ref name=SS>{{citation | mode=cs1 |url=http://www.naider.com/upload/82_china_final.pdf | title= China: The next science superpower? | author1=James Wilsdon |author2= James Keeley | work =The Atlas of Ideas: Mapping the new geography of science | publisher= Demos | place= London | date = 2007 | isbn = 978-1-84180-173-5 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130328052017/http://www.naider.com/upload/82_china_final.pdf |archive-date=2013-03-28 }}</ref> The State Council Science and Education Leading Group, consisting of the leaders of the major science bodies, attempts to organize the national policy. Efficiency of overall coordination has been questioned with various agencies seen as having overlapping missions and rivalries for resources and sometimes engaging in wasteful duplication.<ref name=Centra2011/>

The [[Ministry of Science and Technology of the People's Republic of China]], formerly the State Science and Technology Commission, is the body primarily responsible for science and technology strategy and policy. It also administers national research programs, S&T development zones, and international cooperation. The [[Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China]] oversees education as well as research institutes at universities. Several other ministries such as the [[Ministry of Industry and Information Technology of the People's Republic of China]], the [[Ministry of Health of the People's Republic of China]], and the [[Ministry of Agriculture of the People's Republic of China]] are also involved in S&T.<ref name=SS/>

The National Planning Office of Philosophy and Social Sciences directs planning for social sciences and philosophy.

The [[Chinese Academy of Sciences]] (CAS) is the most prestigious professional science organization in China with China's scientific elite being members. It directs many research institutes, research programs, graduate training programs, and gives influential advice. The [[Chinese Academy of Engineering]] (CAE) gives important advice but unlike the CAS does not have research institutes of its own.<ref name=SS/>  The [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (CASS) has a similar role to CAS for social sciences and philosophy. There are also many more narrow academies such as the [[Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences]].

The [[National Natural Science Foundation of China]] (NSFC) gives grants to individual researchers after [[peer-review]].<ref name=Centra2011/>

The [[People's Liberation Army General Armaments Department]] directs military R&D.

The national scientific and academic organizations affiliated to the [[China Association for Science and Technology]] are also important forces in scientific and technological research.

The Society of Chinese Scientific Journalism presides over the Society of Chinese Technical Communication, China's first government approved technical communication association. Since 2002, the group has held annual conferences.<ref>Barnum, C. M., & Li, H. (2006). Chinese and American technical communication: A cross-cultural comparison of differences. Technical communication, 53(2), 143-166.</ref>

Research is carried out by governmental research institutes, in higher learning institutions, and by private enterprises.<ref name=Centra2011/>

Local governments have become increasingly important in R&D funding and may now contribute up to half of government spending. Intense rivalry for research and high tech industry has been argued to sometimes create wasteful subsidized overcapacity, dispersal of efforts better centralized in a few localities, and poorly judged bureaucratic subsidizing of technologies that soon become out-dated.<ref name=Centra2011/><ref name=semi>Vivek Wadhwa, Why China's Chip Industry Won't Catch America's, September 3, 2009 Bloomberg BusinessWeek, September 3, 2009</ref>