Editing Scientist (section)

===Renaissance===
During the [[Renaissance]], [[Italians]] made substantial contributions in science. [[Leonardo da Vinci]] made significant discoveries in paleontology and anatomy. The Father of modern Science,<ref name="father of science Einstein">[[#Reference-Einstein-1954|Einstein (1954, p. 271)]]. "Propositions arrived at by purely logical means are completely empty as regards reality. Because Galileo realised this, and particularly because he drummed it into the scientific world, he is the father of modern physics—indeed, of modern science altogether."</ref><ref>Stephen Hawking, [http://www.medici.org/press/galileo-and-birth-modern-science ''Galileo and the Birth of Modern Science''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120324162930/http://www.medici.org/press/galileo-and-birth-modern-science |date=2012-03-24 }}, American Heritage's Invention & Technology, Spring 2009, Vol. 24, No. 1, p. 36</ref>
[[Galileo Galilei]], made key improvements on the thermometer and telescope which allowed him to observe and clearly describe the [[Solar System]]. [[René Descartes|Descartes]] was not only a pioneer of [[analytic geometry]] but formulated a [[theory]] of [[mechanics]]<ref>{{cite book | title = Exploring the Limits of Preclassical Mechanics: A Study of Conceptual Development in Early Modern Science: Free Fall and Compounded Motion in the Work of Descartes, Galileo and Beeckman | publisher = Springer Science & Business Media | year = 2004 | page = 6 | chapter = Introduction | author = Peter Damerow}}</ref> and advanced ideas about the origins of [[muscle contraction|animal movement]] and [[perception]]. [[Visual perception|Vision]] interested the [[physicist]]s [[Thomas Young (scientist)|Young]] and [[Hermann von Helmholtz|Helmholtz]], who also studied [[optics]], [[Hearing (sense)|hearing]] and [[music]]. [[Isaac Newton|Newton]] extended Descartes's mathematics by inventing [[calculus]] (at the same time as [[Gottfried Leibniz|Leibniz]]). He provided a comprehensive formulation of [[classical mechanics]] and investigated [[light]] and optics. [[Joseph Fourier|Fourier]] founded a new branch of mathematics — [[Fourier series|infinite, periodic series]] — studied [[heat]] [[flux#Flux definition and theorems|flow]] and [[infrared|infrared radiation]], and discovered the [[greenhouse effect]]. [[Girolamo Cardano]], [[Blaise Pascal]] [[Pierre de Fermat]], [[John von Neumann|Von Neumann]], [[Alan Turing|Turing]], [[Aleksandr Khinchin|Khinchin]], [[Andrey Markov|Markov]] and [[Norbert Wiener|Wiener]], all mathematicians, made major contributions to science and [[probability|probability theory]], including the ideas behind [[computer]]s, and some of the foundations of [[statistical mechanics]] and [[quantum mechanics]]. Many mathematically inclined scientists, including [[Galileo Galilei|Galileo]], were also [[musician]]s.

There are many compelling stories in [[medicine]] and [[biology]], such as the development of ideas about the circulation of [[blood]] from [[Galen]] to [[William Harvey|Harvey]]. Some scholars and historians attributes [[Christianity]] to having contributed to the rise of the [[Scientific Revolution]].<ref>{{cite web|last1=Harrison|first1=Peter|title=Christianity and the rise of western science|website=[[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]]|date=8 May 2012|url=http://www.abc.net.au/religion/articles/2012/05/08/3498202.htm|access-date=28 August 2014}}</ref><ref>{{citation | last = Noll | first = Mark | author-link = Mark Noll | title = Science, Religion, and A.D. White: Seeking Peace in the "Warfare Between Science and Theology" | publisher = The Biologos Foundation | page = 4 | url = http://biologos.org/uploads/projects/noll_scholarly_essay2.pdf | access-date = 14 January 2015 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150322013257/http://biologos.org/uploads/projects/noll_scholarly_essay2.pdf | archive-date = 22 March 2015 | url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Citation | last1 = Lindberg | first1 = David C. | author-link = David C. Lindberg | last2 = Numbers | first2 = Ronald L. | author2-link = Ronald L. Numbers | title = God & Nature: Historical Essays on the Encounter Between Christianity and Science | place = Berkeley and Los Angeles | publisher = University of California Press | year = 1986 | chapter = Introduction | pages = 5, 12 | isbn = 978-0-520-05538-4}}</ref><ref name="Gilley1">{{cite book |last= Gilley |first= Sheridan |others=Brian Stanley|title=The Cambridge History of Christianity: Volume 8, World Christianities C.1815-c.1914 |year=2006 |publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=0-521-81456-1|page=164}}</ref><ref>Lindberg, David. (1992) ''The Beginnings of Western Science''  University of Chicago Press. p. 204.</ref>