Editing Sea surface temperature (section)

===Local variations===
{{See also|Upwelling}}
The sea surface temperature (SST) has a [[Diurnal cycle|diurnal range]], just like the Earth's atmosphere above, though to a lesser degree due to its greater [[thermal inertia]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WdPg_1aTtr8C&pg=PA84|page=84|author=John Siegenthaler|title=Modern hydronic heating for residential and light commercial buildings|year=2003|publisher=Cengage Learning|isbn=978-0-7668-1637-4}}</ref> On calm days, the temperature can vary by {{convert|6|C-change|F-change|sigfig=1}}.<ref name="space"/> The temperature of the ocean at depth lags the Earth's atmosphere temperature by 15 days per {{convert|10|m|ft}}, which means for locations like the [[Aral Sea]], temperatures near its bottom reach a maximum in December and a minimum in May and June.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z-LxfJVFclgC&pg=PA27|title=Physical oceanography of the dying Aral Sea|author=Peter O. Zavialov|page=27|year=2005|isbn=978-3-540-22891-2|publisher=シュプリンガー・ジャパン株式会社}}</ref> Near the coastline, some offshore and longshore winds move the warm waters near the surface offshore, and replace them with cooler water from below in the process known as [[Ekman transport]]. This pattern generally increases nutrients for marine life in the region, and can have a profound effect in some regions where the bottom waters are particularly nutrient-rich.<ref>{{cite web | title =Envisat watches for La Niña | publisher =BNSC via the Internet Wayback Machine | date =2008-04-24 | url =http://www.bnsc.gov.uk/content.aspx?nid=5989 | access-date =2011-01-09 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080424113710/http://www.bnsc.gov.uk/content.aspx?nid=5989 |archive-date = 2008-04-24}}</ref> Offshore of [[river delta]]s, freshwater flows over the top of the denser seawater, which allows it to heat faster due to limited vertical mixing.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OeZ4e5MwRigC&pg=PA258|page=258|title=State and evolution of the Baltic Sea, 1952–2005: a detailed 50-year survey of meteorology and climate, physics, chemistry, biology, and marine environment|year=2008|publisher=John Wiley and Sons|isbn=978-0-471-97968-5|author1=Rainer Feistel |author2=Günther Nausch |author3=Norbert Wasmund}}</ref>  Remotely sensed SST can be used to detect the surface temperature signature due to [[tropical cyclone]]s. In general, an SST cooling is observed after the passing of a hurricane, primarily as the result of mixed layer deepening and surface heat losses.<ref name="NASA Cooling">{{cite web|author=Earth Observatory |url=http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Newsroom/NewImages/images.php3?img_id=17164 |title=Passing of Hurricanes Cools Entire Gulf |year=2005 |access-date=2006-04-26 |publisher=[[NASA|National Aeronautics and Space Administration]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060930235454/http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Newsroom/NewImages/images.php3?img_id=17164 |archive-date=2006-09-30}}</ref> In the wake of several day long [[Mineral dust#Saharan dust|Saharan dust]] outbreaks across the adjacent northern Atlantic Ocean, sea surface temperatures are reduced 0.2 C to 0.4&nbsp;C (0.3 to 0.7&nbsp;F).<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b09YTtIW3f4C&pg=PA72|title=The Impact of Saharan Dust on the North Atlantic Circulation|author=Nidia Martínez Avellaneda|page=72|year=2010|publisher=GRIN Verlag|isbn=978-3-640-55639-7}}</ref> Other sources of short-term SST fluctuation include [[extratropical cyclone]]s, rapid influxes of [[glacier|glacial]] fresh water<ref>{{cite journal|last=Boyle|first=Edward A.|author2=Lloyd Keigwin |title=North Atlantic thermohaline circulation during the past 20,000 years linked to high-latitude surface temperature|journal=Nature|date=5 November 1987|volume=330|issue=6143|pages=35–40|url=http://www.whoi.edu/cms/files/Boyle(1987)Nature330_35_52423.pdf|access-date=10 February 2011|doi=10.1038/330035a0|bibcode = 1987Natur.330...35B |s2cid=4359752}}</ref> and concentrated [[phytoplankton]] blooms<ref>{{cite journal|last=Beaugrand|first=Grégory|author2=Keith M. Brander |author3=J. Alistair Lindley |author4=Sami Souissi |author5=Philip C. Reid |title=Plankton effect on cod recruitment in the North Sea|journal=Nature|date=11 December 2003|volume=426|pages=661–664|doi=10.1038/nature02164|issue=6967|pmid=14668864|bibcode = 2003Natur.426..661B |s2cid=4420759}}</ref> due to seasonal cycles or agricultural run-off.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Beman|first=J. Michael |author2=Kevin R. Arrigo |author3=Pamela A. Matson|title=Agricultural runoff fuels large phytoplankton blooms in vulnerable areas of the ocean|journal=Nature|date=10 March 2005|volume=434|pages=211–214|doi=10.1038/nature03370|issue=7030|pmid=15758999|bibcode = 2005Natur.434..211M |s2cid=2299664}}</ref>{{clarify|What effects do algal blooms have on SST?|date=January 2022}}

The tropical ocean has been warming faster than other regions since 1950, with the greatest rates of warming in the tropical Indian Ocean, western Pacific Ocean, and western boundary currents of the [[Subtropical gyre|subtropical gyres]].<ref name="AR6_WG1_Chapter9" /> However, the eastern Pacific Ocean, subtropical North Atlantic Ocean, and Southern Ocean have warmed more slowly than the global average or have experienced cooling since the 1950s.<ref name="AR6_WG1_Chapter9" />

====Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation====
[[Ocean current]]s, such as the [[Atlantic multidecadal oscillation|Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation]], can affect sea surface temperatures over several decades.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=McCarthy |first1=Gerard D. |last2=Haigh |first2=Ivan D. |last3=Hirschi |first3=Joël J.-M. |last4=Grist |first4=Jeremy P. |last5=Smeed |first5=David A. |date=2015-05-28 |title=Ocean impact on decadal Atlantic climate variability revealed by sea-level observations |url=http://mural.maynoothuniversity.ie/12187/1/McCarthy_Ocean_2015.pdf |journal=Nature |volume=521 |issue=7553 |pages=508–510 |bibcode=2015Natur.521..508M |doi=10.1038/nature14491 |issn=1476-4687 |pmid=26017453 |s2cid=4399436}}</ref> The Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO) is an important driver of North Atlantic SST and Northern Hemisphere climate, but the mechanisms controlling AMO variability remain poorly understood.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Knudsen |first1=Mads Faurschou |last2=Jacobsen |first2=Bo Holm |last3=Seidenkrantz |first3=Marit-Solveig |last4=Olsen |first4=Jesper |date=2014-02-25 |title=Evidence for external forcing of the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation since termination of the Little Ice Age |journal=Nature Communications |volume=5 |pages=3323 |bibcode=2014NatCo...5.3323K |doi=10.1038/ncomms4323 |issn=2041-1723 |pmc=3948066 |pmid=24567051}}</ref> Atmospheric internal variability, changes in ocean circulation, or anthropogenic drivers may control the multidecadal temperature variability associated with AMO.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Wills |first1=R.C. |last2=Armour |first2=K.C. |last3=Battisti |first3=D.S. |last4=Hartmann |first4=D.L. |date=2019 |title=Ocean–atmosphere dynamical coupling fundamental to the Atlantic multidecadal oscillation |journal=Journal of Climate |volume=32 |issue=1 |pages=251–272|doi=10.1175/JCLI-D-18-0269.1 |bibcode=2019JCli...32..251W |s2cid=85450306 |doi-access=free}}</ref> These changes in North Atlantic SST may influence winds in the subtropical North Pacific and produce warmer SSTs in the western Pacific Ocean.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Wu |first1=Baolan |last2=Lin |first2=Xiaopei |last3=Yu |first3=Lisan |date=17 February 2020 |title=North Pacific subtropical mode water is controlled by the Atlantic Multidecadal Variability |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41558-020-0692-5 |journal=Nature Climate Change |language=en |volume=10 |issue=3 |pages=238–243 |doi=10.1038/s41558-020-0692-5 |bibcode=2020NatCC..10..238W |s2cid=211138572 |issn=1758-6798}}</ref>[[File:Weeklysst.gif|thumb|right|Weekly average sea surface temperature in the ocean during the first week of February 2011, during a period of [[El Niño-Southern Oscillation#Effects of ENSO's cool phase (La Niña)|La Niña]].]]