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Septuagint
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=== History === The 3rd century BC is supported for the translation of the [[Torah|Pentateuch]] by a number of factors, including its Greek being representative of early Koine Greek, citations beginning as early as the 2nd century BC, and early [[manuscript]]s datable to the 2nd century BC.<ref name=Lee1983>J.A.L. Lee, A Lexical Study of the Septuagint Version of the Pentateuch (Septuagint and Cognate Studies, 14. Chico, CA: Scholars Press, 1983; Reprint SBL, 2006)</ref> After the Torah, other books were translated over the next two to three centuries. It is unclear which was translated when, or where; some may have been translated twice (into different versions), and then revised.<ref name=Kalvesmaki>Joel Kalvesmaki, [http://www.kalvesmaki.com/LXX/The Septuagint]</ref> The quality and style of the translators varied considerably from book to book, from a [[literal translation]] to [[paraphrase|paraphrasing]] to an interpretative style. The translation process of the Septuagint and from the Septuagint into other versions can be divided into several stages: the Greek text was produced within the social environment of [[Hellenistic Judaism]], and completed by 132 BC. With the spread of [[Early Christianity]], this Septuagint in turn was rendered into Latin in a variety of versions and the latter, collectively known as the ''{{lang|la|[[Vetus Latina]]}}'', were also referred to as the Septuagint<ref name=Linde2015>Cornelia Linde, [https://books.google.com/books?id=RxjGBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA12 ''How to Correct the Sacra Scriptura? Textual Criticism of the Bible between the Twelfth and Fifteenth Century,''] Society for the Study of Medieval Languages and Literature 2015 {{isbn|978-0907570448}} pp.9ff,29ff.</ref><ref name=ABRL>[https://books.google.com/books?id=owd9zig7i1oC&pg=PA369 ''Life after death: a history of the afterlife in the religions of the West'' (2004)], Anchor Bible Reference Library, [[Alan F. Segal]], p.363</ref><ref name=Dorival1988>Gilles Dorival, Marguerite Harl, and Olivier Munnich, ''La Bible grecque des Septante: Du judaïsme hellénistique au christianisme ancien'' (Paris: Cerfs, 1988), p.111</ref> initially in [[Early centers of Christianity#Alexandria|Alexandria]] but elsewhere as well.<ref name=Jobes2001>{{cite book |author=[[Karen Jobes]] and [[Moisés Silva]] |title=Invitation to the Septuagint |year=2015 |publisher=[[Baker Academic]] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=s6bmCgAAQBAJ |isbn=978-1-4934-0004-1 |edition=2nd}}</ref> The Septuagint also formed the basis for the [[Old Church Slavonic language|Slavonic]], [[Syro-Hexaplar version|Syriac]], Old [[Armenian language|Armenian]], Old [[Georgian language|Georgian]], and [[Coptic language|Coptic]] versions of the Christian [[Old Testament]].<ref name=Würthwein1995>Ernst Würthwein, ''The Text of the Old Testament,'' trans. Errol F. Rhodes, Grand Rapids, Mich.: Wm. Eerdmans, 1995.</ref>
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