Editing Serbia and Montenegro (section)

=== Yugoslav Wars ===
{{Main|Yugoslav Wars|Bosnian War}}

[[File:Map of war in Yugoslavia, 1993.png|thumb|Map of the Yugoslav Wars in 1993|alt=|upright=1.3]]

The FRY was suspended from a number of international institutions.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/un-suspends-former-yugoslavia-1553074.html |title=UN suspends former Yugoslavia |date=23 September 1992 |website=The Independent |access-date=29 July 2020 |archive-date=26 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200726142309/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/un-suspends-former-yugoslavia-1553074.html |url-status=live }}</ref> This was due to the ongoing [[Yugoslav Wars]] during the 1990s, which had prevented agreement being reached on the disposition of federal assets and liabilities, particularly the national debt. The Government of Yugoslavia supported Croatian and Bosnian Serbs in the wars from 1992 to 1995. Because of that, the country was under economic and political sanctions. War and sanctions resulted in economic disaster, which forced thousands of its young citizens to emigrate from the country.

FR Yugoslavia acted to support Serbian separatist movements in breakaway states, including the [[Republic of Serbian Krajina]] and the [[Republika Srpska (1992–1995)|Republika Srpska]], and sought to establish them as independent Serbian republics, with potential eventual reintegration with FR Yugoslavia.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://theconversation.com/au/topics/bosnian-war-37515 |title=Bosnian war News, Research and Analysis |website=The Conversation |access-date=29 July 2020 |archive-date=26 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200726142311/https://theconversation.com/au/topics/bosnian-war-37515 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1991/09/01/magazine/carving-out-a-greater-serbia.html |title=Carving Out a Greater Serbia |first=Stephen |last=Engelberg |date=1 September 1991 |work=The New York Times |access-date=29 July 2020 |archive-date=2 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200902023906/https://www.nytimes.com/1991/09/01/magazine/carving-out-a-greater-serbia.html |url-status=live }}</ref> However, the Government of FR Yugoslavia would treat these republics as separate entities, and gave unofficial, rather than active, aid by transferring control of units from the now-defunct [[Yugoslav National Army|JNA]] to the secessionist movements.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1994/01/27/world/yugoslav-army-reported-fighting-in-bosnia-to-help-serbian-forces.html#:~:text=Soon%20after%20fighting%20broke%20out,army%20of%20the%20Bosnian%20Serbs |title=Yugoslav Army Reported Fighting In Bosnia to Help Serbian Forces |work=The New York Times |last=Kifner |first=John |date=27 January 1994 |access-date=22 June 2021 |url-access=subscription |archive-date=30 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210430034027/https://www.nytimes.com/1994/01/27/world/yugoslav-army-reported-fighting-in-bosnia-to-help-serbian-forces.html#:~:text=Soon%20after%20fighting%20broke%20out,army%20of%20the%20Bosnian%20Serbs |url-status=live }}</ref> In this way, FR Yugoslavia avoided potential accusations of committing acts of aggression against the breakaway republics recognised by the international community.<ref>{{cite journal |url=https://www.aph.gov.au/binaries/library/pubs/rp/1995-96/96rp15.pdf |title=The UN's Role in the Former Yugoslavia: the Failure of the Middle Way |date=1995 |author=Parliamentary Research Service |journal=Research Paper |publisher=Department of the Parliamentary Library (Australia) |issn=1321-1579 |access-date=22 June 2021 |archive-date=3 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210403071057/https://www.aph.gov.au/binaries/library/pubs/rp/1995-96/96rp15.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1992/04/08/world/us-recognizes-3-yugoslav-republics-as-independent.html |title=U.S. Recognizes 3 Yugoslav Republics as Independent |first=David |last=Binder |date=8 April 1992 |work=The New York Times |access-date=29 July 2020 |archive-date=26 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200726142309/https://www.nytimes.com/1992/04/08/world/us-recognizes-3-yugoslav-republics-as-independent.html |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Slobodan Milošević]], the [[President of Serbia]], did not consider himself to be at war with the breakaway republics of Yugoslavia.

Following the transfer of Yugoslav Army units, the state of FR Yugoslavia ceased to play an important military role in the Yugoslav Wars, barring conflicts on the border with Croatia, such as the [[Siege of Dubrovnik]]. It instead provided economic and political aid,<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Bosnian-War |title=Bosnian War &#124; Facts, Summary, & War Crimes |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |access-date=29 July 2020 |archive-date=14 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211114061646/https://www.britannica.com/event/Bosnian-War |url-status=live }}</ref> to avoid provoking the international community further, and to preserve FR Yugoslavia as the republics of Serbia and Montenegro, rather than 'Greater Serbia.'<ref>{{cite web |url=https://iwpr.net/global-voices/greater-serbia-myth-or-plan |title=Greater Serbia: Myth or Plan? |work=Institute for War & Peace Reporting |date=15 December 2004 |access-date=22 June 2021 |archive-date=22 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210622230810/https://iwpr.net/global-voices/greater-serbia-myth-or-plan |url-status=live}}</ref>

In 1995, following [[Operation Storm]], a military offensive by the [[Croatian Army]], and [[Operation Deliberate Force|NATO involvement]] in the Bosnian War, President Slobodan Milošević agreed to negotiate, as the Serbian position within Bosnia had become substantially worse. Under threat of economically crippling the Republika Srpska, he took over negotiating powers for all Serbian secessionist movements, as well as FR Yugoslavia.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.brookings.edu/articles/decision-to-intervene-how-the-war-in-bosnia-ended/ |title=Decision to Intervene: How the War in Bosnia Ended |work=Brookings |last=Daalder |first=Ivo H. |date=1 December 1998 |access-date=22 June 2021 |archive-date=9 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210609125409/https://www.brookings.edu/articles/decision-to-intervene-how-the-war-in-bosnia-ended/ |url-status=live}}</ref> The ensuing [[Dayton Agreements]], signed between representatives from the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, the [[Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina]] and the [[Croatia|Republic of Croatia]], resulted in each state being recognised as sovereign states. It also provided recognition for Serbian [[Republika Srpska|institutions]] and a rotating presidency within Bosnia and Herzegovina, and the Serbian populated areas of the former [[Socialist Republic of Bosnia]] were absorbed into Bosnia and Herzegovina.<ref name="auto4"/><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/global/2015/nov/10/bosnia-bitter-flawed-peace-deal-dayton-agreement-20-years-on |title=Bosnia's bitter, flawed peace deal, 20 years on |first=Julian |last=Borger |date=10 November 2015 |work=The Guardian |access-date=29 July 2020 |archive-date=21 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211221210846/https://www.theguardian.com/global/2015/nov/10/bosnia-bitter-flawed-peace-deal-dayton-agreement-20-years-on |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.osce.org/bih/126173 |title=Dayton Peace Agreement |website=[[osce.org]] |access-date=29 July 2020 |archive-date=25 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220225062013/https://www.osce.org/bih/126173 |url-status=live }}</ref> Thus the Yugoslav Wars ended, and international sanctions on FR Yugoslavia were lifted.<ref name="auto3">{{Cite web |url=https://www.gmu.edu/programs/icar/ijps/vol3_1/Delvic.htm |title=Economic Sanctions as a Foreign Policy Tool: The Case of Yugoslavia - Milica Delvic |website=gmu.edu |access-date=29 July 2020 |archive-date=15 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200715025823/http://www.gmu.edu/programs/icar/ijps/vol3_1/Delvic.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> However, Slobodan Milošević would not achieve his dreams of admitting FR Yugoslavia to the United Nations as the successor state of SFR Yugoslavia, as an 'outer wall' of international sanctions prohibited this.<ref name="auto3"/><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1992-09-20-mn-1984-story.html |title=Security Council Denies Yugoslavia Its U.N. Seat |date=20 September 1992 |website=Los Angeles Times |access-date=29 July 2020 |archive-date=26 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200726145747/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1992-09-20-mn-1984-story.html |url-status=live}}</ref>