Editing Slaughterhouse (section)

==Design==
[[File:Solid Wastes from Slaughterhouse.jpg|thumb|Slaughterhouse waste]]
In the latter part of the 20th century, the layout and design of most U.S. slaughterhouses was influenced by the work of [[Temple Grandin]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.grandin.com/humane/best.practices.handle.stun.html|title=Best practices for Cattle and Pig handling and stunning|website=www.grandin.com}}</ref>{{Primary source inline|date=May 2021}} She suggested that reducing the stress of animals being led to slaughter may help slaughterhouse operators improve efficiency and profit.<ref>Grandin, T. and Deesing, M. "[http://www.grandin.com/inc/book.description.html Humane Livestock Handling]" 2008. Storey Publishing, North Adams, MA, US.</ref> In particular she applied an understanding of [[animal psychology]] to design [[pen (enclosure)|pens]] and [[corral]]s which funnel a herd of animals arriving at a slaughterhouse into a single file ready for slaughter. Her corrals employ long sweeping curves<ref name = "Grandin-survey">{{cite web
 | last = Grandin | first = Temple | title = Directions for laying out curved cattle handling facilities for ranches, feedlots, and properties | work = Dr. Temple Grandin's Web Page | publisher = Dr. Temple Grandin | date = September 2011 | url = http://www.grandin.com/design/curved.handling.facilities.html | access-date = 2012-12-10 | quote="Round crowd pens and curved single file chutes work better than straight ones, but they must be laid out correctly. A curved chute works more efficiently than a straight one because it prevents cattle from seeing people and other activities at the end of the chute." "A round crowd pen will work better than a straight crowd pen because, as cattle go around a 180° turn, they think they are going back to where they came from "}}</ref><ref name = "Grandin-blueprint">{{cite web
 | last = Grandin | first = Temple | title = Sample Designs of Cattle Races and Corrals | work = Dr. Temple Grandin's Web Page | publisher = Dr. Temple Grandin | date = July 2011 | url = http://www.grandin.com/design/blueprint/blueprint.html | access-date = 2012-12-10}} Why does a curved chute and round crowd pen work better than a straight one? As the animals go around the curve, they think they are going back to where they came from. The animals can not see people and other moving objects at the end of the chute. It takes advantage of the natural circling behaviour of cattle and sheep.</ref><ref name = "Grandin-teachingPrincip">{{cite journal | last = Grandin | first = Temple | title = Teaching Principles of Behavior and Equipment Design for Handling Livestock | journal = J. Anim. Sci. | year = 1993 | volume = 71 | issue = 4 | pages = 1065–70 | url = http://www.grandin.com/references/teach.html | doi = 10.2527/1993.7141065x| pmid = 8478279 | hdl = 10217/4153 | access-date = 2012-12-10| hdl-access = free }} Some of the design principles that are taught are the use of solid sides on chutes and crowd pens to prevent animals from seeing out with their wide-angle vision and layout of curved chutes and round crowd pens.  Some people believe the animals can smell or hear death, however, and these may be area that need improvement, such as the use of scent masking agents or acoustical barriers.  As well, some animals in some situations may grow to learn that after their fellows are corralled in that area, their fellows never return.  An improvement could be made by detouring off some of the animals so that they return to the pack (after the odors and sounds are masked so they will return untraumatized). A circular crowd pen and a curved chute reduced the time spent moving cattle by up to 50% (Vowles and Hollier, 1982 [Vowles, W. J., and T. J. Hollier. 1982. The influence of yard design on the movement of animals. Proc. Aust. Soc. Anim. Prod. 14:597]).</ref> so that each animal is prevented from seeing what lies ahead and just concentrates on the hind quarters of the animal in front of it. This design – along with the design elements of solid sides, solid crowd gate, and reduced noise at the end point – work together to encourage animals forward in the chute and to not reverse direction.<ref name = "Grandin-be-pr-ani_mov">{{cite web | last = Grandin | first = Temple | title = Improving the Movement of Cattle, Pigs, and Sheep during handling on farms, ranches, and slaughter plants
 | publisher = Dr Temple Grandin | date = July 2010 | url = http://www.grandin.com/behaviour/principles/animal_movement.html | access-date = 2012-12-10}} Cattle will move more easily through a curved race.

Solid sides which prevent the cattle from seeing people and other distractions outside the fence should be installed on the chutes (races) and the crowd pen which leads up to the single file chute. The use of solid sides is especially important in slaughter plants, truck loading ramps, and other places where there is much activity outside the fence. Solid sides are essential in slaughter plants to block the animal's view of people and equipment.

A curved chute (race) with solid sides at a ranch facility. It works better than a straight chute because cattle think they are going back to where they came from. The outer fence is solid to prevent the cattle from seeing distractions outside the fence... The facility must be located in a pasture that has no nearby equipment, moving vehicles or extra people, or put inside a building that has solid side walls. In many facilities, adding solid fences will improve animal movement...

Solid sides in these areas help prevent cattle from becoming agitated when they see activity outside the fence – such as people. Cattle tend to be calmer in a chute with solid sides.

Cattle move more easily through the curved race system because they can not see people and other distractions ahead.</ref>{{Primary source inline|date=May 2021}}
===Mobile design===
Beginning in 2008 the Local Infrastructure for Local Agriculture, a non-profit committed to revitalizing opportunities for "small farmers and strengthening the connection between local supply and demand",<ref name="Muhlke">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/05/23/magazine/23food-t-000.html|title=A Movable Beast|first=Christine|last=Muhlke|work=The New York Times |date=20 May 2010|access-date=8 January 2019|via=NYTimes.com}}</ref> constructed a mobile slaughterhouse facility in efforts for small farmers to process meat quickly and cost effectively. Named the Modular Harvest System, or M.H.S., it received [[USDA]] approval in 2010. The M.H.S. consists of three separate trailers: One for slaughtering, one for consumable body parts, and one for other body parts. Preparation of individual cuts is done at a butchery or other meat preparation facility.<ref name="Muhlke"/>