Editing Sleepwalking (section)

==Causes==
The cause of sleepwalking is unknown. A number of, as yet unproven, hypotheses are suggested for why it might occur, including: delay in the maturity of the central nervous system,<ref name="Sleep Disorders Sourcebook" /> increased slow wave sleep,<ref name="Pressman">Pressman. "Factors that predispose, prime and precipitate NREM parasomnias in adults: clinical and forensic implications." ''Sleep Med Rev'' 11.1 (2007):5–30.</ref> sleep deprivation, fever, and excessive tiredness. There may be a genetic component to sleepwalking. One study found that sleepwalking occurred in 45% of children who have one parent who sleepwalked, and in 60% of children if both parents sleepwalked.<ref name="Lavie, Malhotra, and Pillar" /> Thus, heritable factors may predispose an individual to sleepwalking, but expression of the behavior may also be influenced by environmental factors.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Hereditary factors in sleepwalking and night terrors.|journal=The British Journal of Psychiatry |first1=A.|last1=Kales|first2=C. R.|last2=Soldatos|first3=E. O.|last3=Bixler|first4=R. L.|last4=Ladda|first5=D. S.|last5=Charney|first6=G.|last6=Weber|first7=P. K.|last7=Schweitzer|date=1 August 1980|volume=137|issue=2|pages=111–118|doi=10.1192/bjp.137.2.111|pmid=7426840|s2cid=13186645 }}</ref><ref name="Mayo Clinic" /> Genetic studies using common fruit flies as experimental models reveal a link between night sleep and brain development mediated by [[Conserved sequence|evolutionary conserved]] transcription factors such as [[Activating protein 2|AP-2]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Kucherenko|first1=Mariya M.|last2=Ilangovan|first2=Vinodh|last3=Herzig|first3=Bettina|last4=Shcherbata|first4=Halyna R.|last5=Bringmann|first5=Henrik|date=2016-01-01|title=TfAP-2 is required for night sleep in Drosophila|journal=BMC Neuroscience|volume=17|issue=1|pages=72|doi=10.1186/s12868-016-0306-3|issn=1471-2202|pmc=5103423|pmid=27829368 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Sleepwalking may be inherited as an autosomal dominant disorder with reduced penetrance. Genome-wide multipoint parametric linkage analysis for sleepwalking revealed a maximum [[Genetic linkage#LOD score method for estimating recombination frequency|logarithm of the odds score]] of 3.14 at chromosome 20q12-q13.12 between 55.6 and 61.4 cM.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Dogu|first1=Okan|last2=Pressman|first2=Mark R.|date=4 January 2011|title=Identification of sleepwalking gene(s): Not yet, but soon?|url=https://n.neurology.org/content/76/1/12|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220218091008/https://n.neurology.org/content/76/1/12|archive-date=18 February 2022|journal=Neurology|publisher=American Academy of Neurology|language=en|volume=76|issue=1|pages=12–13|doi=10.1212/WNL.0b013e318203e9c0|issn=0028-3878|pmid=21205687|s2cid=207118557|url-access=subscription}}</ref>

Sleepwalking has been hypothesized to be linked to the neurotransmitter [[serotonin]], which also appears to be metabolized differently in migraine patients and people with [[Tourette syndrome]], both populations being four to nine times more likely to experience an episode of sleepwalking.<ref>{{Cite journal |doi=10.1111/j.1469-8749.1984.tb04471.x |pmid=6148287 |title=Somnambulism in Children with Tourette Syndrome |year=2008 |last1=Barabas |first1=Gabor |last2=Matthews |first2=Wendy S. |last3=Ferrari |first3=Michael |journal=Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology |volume=26 |issue=4 |pages=457–460 |s2cid=1759571}}</ref> Hormonal fluctuations have been found to contribute to sleepwalking episodes in women, with the likeliness to sleepwalk being higher before the onset of menstruation.<ref>Schenck, C. H., & Mahowald, M. W. (1995b). Two cases of premenstrual sleep terrors and injurious sleep-walking. Journal of Psychosomatic Obstetrics & Gynecology, 16, 79–84.</ref> It also appears that hormonal changes during pregnancy decrease the likelihood of engaging in sleepwalking.<ref>Hedman, C., Pohjasvaara, T., Tolonen, U., Salmivaara, A., & Myllyla, V. (2002). Parasomnias decline during pregnancy. Acta Neurologica Scandinavica, 105, 209–214.</ref>

Medications, primarily in four classes—[[benzodiazepine]] receptor agonists and other GABA modulators, [[antidepressants]] and other [[Serotonin|serotonergic agents]], [[antipsychotics]], and [[β-blockers]]—have been associated with sleepwalking.<ref name = "Stallman medication">{{cite journal |last1=Stallman |first1=HM |last2=Kohler |first2=M |last3=White |first3=J |title=Medication induced sleepwalking: A systematic review. |journal=Sleep Medicine Reviews |date=February 2018 |volume=37 |pages=105–113 |doi=10.1016/j.smrv.2017.01.005 |pmid=28363449 |s2cid=10381396 |url=https://ap01.alma.exlibrisgroup.com/view/delivery/61USOUTHAUS_INST/12146848020001831 |url-access=subscription }}</ref> The best evidence of medications causing sleepwalking is for [[zolpidem]] and [[sodium oxybate]]; all other reports are based on associations noted in case reports.<ref name="Stallman medication"/>

A number of conditions, such as [[Parkinson's disease]], are thought to trigger sleepwalking in people without a previous history of sleepwalking.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Poryazova |first1=R |last2=Waldvogel |first2=D |last3=Bassetti |first3=CL |title=Sleepwalking in patients with Parkinson disease. |journal=Archives of Neurology |date=October 2007 |volume=64 |issue=10 |pages=1524–7 |doi=10.1001/archneur.64.10.1524 |pmid=17923637|doi-access=free }}</ref>{{update inline|date=September 2018}}