Editing Slum (section)

===Rural–urban migration===
[[File:kibera.jpg|thumb|[[Kibera]] slum in [[Nairobi]], Kenya, the second-largest slum in Africa<ref name="imcworldwide">{{cite web |url=http://www.imcworldwide.org/content/article/detail/766/ |title=International Medical Corps – International Medical Corps |access-date=July 23, 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728132453/http://www.imcworldwide.org/content/article/detail/766/ |archive-date=July 28, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.unhabitat.org/content.asp?typeid=19&catid=548&cid=4962 |title=Participating countries |access-date=2009-01-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090114031916/http://www.unhabitat.org/content.asp?typeid=19&catid=548&cid=4962 |archive-date=2009-01-14 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>[http://www.dominionpaper.ca/articles/1703 "Machetes, Ethnic Conflict and Reductionism"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080519150442/http://www.dominionpaper.ca/articles/1703 |date=2008-05-19}} ''[[The Dominion (Canada)|The Dominion]]''</ref> and third-largest in the world.<ref name="imcworldwide" />]]

Rural–urban migration is one of the causes attributed to the formation and expansion of slums.<ref name="whyslums" /> Since 1950, world population has increased at a far greater rate than the total amount of arable land, even as [[agriculture]] contributes a much smaller percentage of the total economy. For example, in India, agriculture accounted for 52% of its GDP in 1954 and only 19% in 2004;<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://planningcommission.nic.in/data/datatable/2504/databook_%2029.pdf |title=Gross Domestic Product (GDP) from Agriculture and Allied Sector and its Percentage Share to Total GDP (1954-55 to 2012-13) |access-date=2013-09-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131024061050/http://planningcommission.nic.in/data/datatable/2504/databook_%2029.pdf |archive-date=2013-10-24 |url-status=dead}}</ref> in Brazil, the 2050 GDP contribution of agriculture is one-fifth of its contribution in 1951.<ref>[http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/research/files/papers/2008/5/brazil%20agriculture%20barros/05_brazil_agriculture_barros.pdf Brazil: The Challenges in Becoming an Agricultural Superpower] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131023053833/http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/research/files/papers/2008/5/brazil%20agriculture%20barros/05_brazil_agriculture_barros.pdf |date=2013-10-23}} Geraldo Barros, Brookings Institution (2008)</ref> Agriculture, meanwhile, has also become higher yielding, less disease prone, less physically harsh and more efficient with tractors and other equipment. The proportion of people working in agriculture has declined by 30% over the last 50 years, while global population has increased by 250%.<ref name="whyslums" />

Many people move to [[urban areas]] primarily because cities promise more jobs, better schools for poor's children, and diverse income opportunities than subsistence farming in [[rural areas]].<ref>Judy Baker (2008). [https://archive.today/20130916233437/http://go.worldbank.org/KT759KE9S0 "Urban Poverty – An Overview"]. The World Bank.</ref> For example, in 1995, 95.8% of migrants to [[Surabaya]], Indonesia reported that jobs were their primary motivation for moving to the city.<ref>Tjiptoherijanto, Prinjono, and Eddy Hasmi. "Urbanization and Urban Growth in Indonesia". ''Asian Urbanization in the New Millennium''. Ed. Gayl D. Ness and Prem P. Talwar. Singapore: Marshall Cavendish Academic, 2005., page 162</ref> However, some rural migrants may not find jobs immediately because of their lack of skills and the increasingly competitive job markets, which leads to their financial shortage.<ref name="Todaro">{{cite journal |last=Todaro |first=Michael P. |title=A Model of Labour Migration and Urban Unemployment in Less Developed Countries |journal=The American Economic Review |year=1969 |volume=59 |issue=1 |pages=138–148}}</ref> Many cities, on the other hand, do not provide enough low-cost [[housing]] for a large number of rural-urban migrant workers. Some rural–urban [[migrant workers]] cannot afford housing in cities and eventually settle down in only affordable slums.<ref name="Craster">{{cite journal |last=Craster |first=Charles V |title=Slum Clearance: The Newark Plan |journal=American Journal of Public Health and the Nation's Health |year=1944 |volume=34 |issue=9 |pages=935–940 |doi=10.2105/ajph.34.9.935 |pmid=18016046 |pmc=1625197}}</ref> Further, rural migrants, mainly lured by higher incomes, continue to flood into cities. They thus expand the existing urban slums.<ref name="Todaro" />

According to Ali and Toran, [[social networks]] might also explain rural–urban migration and people's ultimate settlement in slums. In addition to migration for jobs, a portion of people migrate to cities because of their connection with relatives or families. Once their family support in urban areas is in slums, those rural migrants intend to live with them in slums<ref>{{cite journal |last=Ali |first=Mohammed Akhter |author2=Kavita Toran |title=Migration, Slums and Urban Squalor – A case study of Gandhinagar Slum |journal=Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Environment and Health |year=2004 |pages=1–10}}</ref>