Editing Smile (section)

== Cultural differences ==
While smiling is perceived as a positive [[emotion]] most of the time, there are many [[cultures]] that perceive smiling as a negative expression and consider it unwelcoming. Too much smiling can be viewed as a sign of shallowness or [[dishonesty]].<ref>{{cite web|author=Charles Tidwell |url=http://www.andrews.edu/~tidwell/bsad560/NonVerbal.html |title=Non Verbal Communication |publisher=Andrews.edu |access-date=2014-04-22}}</ref> In some parts of [[Asia]], people may smile when they are embarrassed or in emotional pain. Some people may smile at others to indicate a friendly greeting. A smile may be reserved for close friends and family members. Many people in the [[former Soviet Union]] area consider smiling at strangers in public to be unusual and even suspicious behavior,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rpi.edu/dept/advising/american_culture/social_skills/nonverbal_communication/reading_exercise.htm |title=Nonverbal Communication |publisher=Rpi.edu |access-date=2014-04-22}}</ref> or even a sign of stupidity.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.com/future/story/20170407-why-all-smiles-are-not-the-same|title=There are 19 types of smile but only six are for happiness|work=[[BBC]] Future|first=Zaria|last=Gorvett|date=10 April 2017}}</ref>

Systematic large cross-cultural study on social perception of smiling individuals<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Krys|first1=Kuba|last2=-Melanie Vauclair|first2=C.|last3=Capaldi|first3=Colin A.|last4=Lun|first4=Vivian Miu-Chi|last5=Bond|first5=Michael Harris|last6=Domínguez-Espinosa|first6=Alejandra|last7=Torres|first7=Claudio|last8=Lipp|first8=Ottmar V.|last9=Manickam|first9=L. Sam S.|date=June 2016|title=Be Careful Where You Smile: Culture Shapes Judgments of Intelligence and Honesty of Smiling Individuals|journal=Journal of Nonverbal Behavior|volume=40|issue=2|pages=101–116|doi=10.1007/s10919-015-0226-4|issn=0191-5886|pmc=4840223|pmid=27194817}}</ref> documented that in some cultures a smiling individual may be perceived as less intelligent than the same non-smiling individual (and that cultural uncertainty avoidance may explain these differences). Furthermore, the same study showed that corruption at the societal level may undermine the prosocial perception of smiling—in societies with high corruption indicators, trust toward smiling individuals is reduced.

There can also be gender differences. In the United States and Canada, women report men telling them to smile. For example, [[Greg Rickford]], a member of the Canadian Parliament, told a female journalist to smile rather than answer the question she had asked.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Laing|first1=Sarah|date=July 25, 2018|title=Why Do Men Need Women To Smile?|journal=Flare|url=https://www.flare.com/news/greg-rickford-marieke-walsh-smile-women/|access-date=2020-09-22|archive-date=2020-10-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201001165500/https://www.flare.com/news/greg-rickford-marieke-walsh-smile-women/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Biological anthropologist [[Helen Fisher (anthropologist)|Helen Fisher]] states that, while this could be either caring or controlling behavior, such behavior is unlikely to be welcome.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=May|first1=Ashley|date=March 2017|title=Why you shouldn't tell a woman to smile|journal=USA Today|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation-now/2017/03/08/dont-tell-women-to-smile/98906528/|access-date=2020-09-22}}</ref>

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|File:Gerrit van Honthorst - Smiling Girl, a Courtesan, Holding an Obscene Image - 63-1954 - Saint Louis Art Museum.jpg|''[[Smiling Girl, a Courtesan, Holding an Obscene Image]]'' (1625) by [[Gerard van Honthorst]]. Humor has been noted as a source of inspiration for many notable [[Dutch Golden Age painting|Dutch Golden Age]] painters.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/10/21/arts/humor-17th-century-dutch-art.html|title=Need a Good Laugh? Check Out Some 17th-Century Dutch Art |date=October 21, 2017|last=Siegal|first=Nina|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=October 20, 2023}}</ref>

|File:Madame Vigee-Lebrun and her daughter, Jeanne Lucia (Julie).jpg|In her ''Self-portrait with her daughter Julie'' (1786), [[Élisabeth Vigée Le Brun]] painted herself smiling. When it was exhibited at the [[Salon of 1787]], the court gossip-sheet {{lang|fr|[[Mémoires secrets]]}} commented: "An affectation which artists, art-lovers and persons of taste have been united in condemning, and which finds no precedent among the Ancients, is that in smiling, [Madame Vigée LeBrun] shows her teeth."<ref>{{cite book|title=The Great Nation: France from Louis XIV to Napoleon|last=Jones|first=Colin|publisher=Penguin Books|location=London|date=2003|page=364|isbn=9780140130935}}</ref>

|File:'Willy' smiling. Mary Dillwyn Col. 1853.jpg|A photograph of a [[Welsh people|Welsh]] boy, William Mansel (1838–1866), titled 'Willy', smiling at something off camera. Taken {{circa|1853}}, it is the earliest known photograph of a smile.<ref>https://www.library.wales/discover-learn/digital-exhibitions/photographs/early-swansea-photography/welsh-pioneers/|title=Swansea{{Dead link|date=July 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} in the nineteenth century, Welsh Pioneers.</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://diff.wikimedia.org/2015/09/18/first-smile-photobomb-wales/#:~:text=Willy%20is%20looking%20at%20something,1853%2C%20when%20he%20was%2018 | title=The first smile and photobomb ever photographed | date=18 September 2015 }}</ref>

|File:"No Lessons Today" - Flora Rankin, by Lewis Carroll (1863).png|Photograph taken by [[Lewis Carroll]] titled "No Lessons Today" (1863), depicting a child's feelings when school holidays begin. Carroll later sent the photograph to [[Charles Darwin]] for possible use in his publication ''[[The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals]]''.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Wakeling|first1=Edward|title=Lewis Carroll: The Man and his Circle |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OMLFBQAAQBAJ|year=2014|isbn=978-1780768205|page=164|publisher=[[I.B. Tauris]]}}</ref>
|File:Eating rice, China - collected by Berthold Laufer.jpg|In the late 19th century and early 20th century, photographs taken in the [[United Kingdom]] rarely depicted people smiling, in accordance with the cultural conventions of Victorian and Edwardian society. In contrast, the photograph ''Eating Rice, China'' depicts a smiling Chinese man.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Edwards|first1=Phil|title=Why people never smiled in old photographs|url=https://www.vox.com/2015/4/8/8365997/smile-old-photographs|website=Vox|date=7 October 2016}}</ref>
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