Editing Smiley (section)

===Early history of smiling faces===
[[Ingmar Bergman]]'s 1948 film [[Port of Call (1948 film)|''Port of Call'']] includes a scene where the unhappy Berit (played by [[Nine-Christine Jönsson]]<ref name=PortofCallIMDb>{{Cite web |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0040418/ |title=Port of Call (IMDb) |website=[[IMDb]] |access-date=17 February 2024 |archive-date=4 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240604202114/https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0040418/ |url-status=live }}</ref>)  draws a ''sad'' face – closely resembling the modern "frowny" but including a dot for the nose – in lipstick on her mirror before being interrupted.<ref>''Ingmarbergman.se''. [http://ingmarbergman.se/sites/default/files/hamnstad_1948-26_005_huvudbild_webb.jpg A still from the scene] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117135152/http://ingmarbergman.se/sites/default/files/hamnstad_1948-26_005_huvudbild_webb.jpg |date=17 November 2015 }}.</ref><ref name=HistoryTSC /> In September 1963, there was the premiere<ref name=PremiereofTheFunnyCompany>[https://www.newspapers.com/article/highland-park-news-herald-and-journal-pr/130928006/ Premiere to Be Held at Highland Theatre] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240607183756/https://www.newspapers.com/article/highland-park-news-herald-and-journal-pr/130928006/ |date=7 June 2024 }} Highland Park News-Herald and Journal Los Angeles, California, Thu, Sep 5, 1963, Page 28</ref> of [[The Funny Company]], an American children's TV programmer, had a noseless Smiling face used as a kids' club logo; the closing credits ended with the message, "Keep Smiling!"<ref>{{cite news|last=Savage|first=Jon|date=20 Feb 2009|title=A design for life|url=https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2009/feb/21/smiley-face-design-history|work=the Guardian|access-date=January 5, 2022|archive-date=16 November 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101116162325/http://www.guardian.co.uk/artanddesign/2009/feb/21/smiley-face-design-history|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o90dNrWhqxc|title="The Funny Company (1963)"|website=www.youtube.com|access-date=February 27, 2024|archive-date=27 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240227184049/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o90dNrWhqxc|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=FunnyCompanyTM>[https://tsdr.uspto.gov/documentviewer?caseId=sn60764727&docId=ORC20060315104331#docIndex=0&page=1  The Funny Company, Inc. US Trademark Registration Certificate No. 764,727, Feb 11, 1964,  Ser. No. 164,341, file Mar. 11, 1963 First Use Jan 10, 1963, First Use in Commerce Feb. 13, 1963] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220106042735/https://tsdr.uspto.gov/documentviewer?caseId=sn60764727&docId=ORC20060315104331#docIndex=0&page=1 |date=6 January 2022 }} access date March 27, 2022</ref><ref name=Woolery>{{cite book |last1=Woolery |first1=George W. |title=Children's Television: The First Thirty-Five Years, 1946-1981 |date=1983 |publisher=Scarecrow Press |isbn=0-8108-1557-5  |url=https://archive.org/details/childrenstelevis0000wool/page/114/mode/2up?q=keep+smiling|accessdate=19 March 2024 |pages=113–115}}</ref>

<gallery>
Smiley 1741 Hennet.jpg|Signature of Bernard Hennet, Abbot of [[Žďár nad Sázavou]] Cistercian cloister, in 1741, with smiley-like drawing
Smiley Regensburg 3.jpg|Illustration from a book, printed in [[Regensburg]] in 1771
DrawingForBeginners20.jpg|Illustrations from the (1920) novel ''Drawing for Beginners'' by Dorothy Furniss
A smiley face balloon from a Gregory FUNNY-B'LOONS ad on page 20 of The Billboard March 18 1922.jpg|A smiley face balloon from a Gregory FUNNY-B'LOONS ad page 20 of ''The Billboard'' March 18, 1922 page 20
NYHT Smiley 10th March 1953.jpg|A promotional poster for the film ''[[Lili (1953 film)|Lili]]'' published in the ''[[New York Herald Tribune]]'' in 1953.
</gallery>

In the latter half of the 20th century, the face now known as a smiley has evolved into a well-known symbol recognizable for its yellow and black features.  The first known combination of yellow and black was used for a smiling face was in late 1962, when New York City radio station WMCA released a yellow sweatshirt as part of a marketing campaign.<ref name=billboard>{{cite magazine |title=Focus on Deejay Scene |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KRgEAAAAMBAJ&q=WMCA+sweatshirt+1962&pg=PA34 |magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] |page=34 |date=15 December 1962 |access-date=21 November 2020 |archive-date=7 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240607183801/https://books.google.com/books?id=KRgEAAAAMBAJ&q=WMCA+sweatshirt+1962&pg=PA34#v=snippet&q=WMCA%20sweatshirt%201962&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=IHeartDesign>[https://archive.org/details/iheartdesignsign0000unse/page/24/mode/2up?q=smiley I heart design : significant graphic design selected by designers, illustrators, and critics]</ref> By 1963, over 11,000 sweatshirts had been given away. They had featured in [[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard magazine]] and numerous celebrities had also been pictured wearing them, including actress [[Patsy King]] and [[Mick Jagger]].<ref name=WMCA1 /><ref name=HistoryTSC /> The radio station used the happy face as part of a competition for listeners. When the station called listeners, any listener who answered their phone "WMCA Good Guys!" was rewarded with a "WMCA good guys" sweatshirt that incorporated the yellow and black happy face into its design.<ref>{{citation |url= https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/tvandradio/9059885/Smileys-People-Radio-4-The-million-dollar-smile.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/tvandradio/9059885/Smileys-People-Radio-4-The-million-dollar-smile.html |archive-date=12 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |title= Smiley's People (Radio 4): The million dollar smile |first= Alastair |last= Sooke |date= 3 February 2012 |work= The Telegraph |quote= [Loufrani] points out that a smiley face was a key feature of a well-known promotional campaign for a radio network on America's East Coast in the late Fifties.}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref name=nyt2001 /><ref name=lennox /> The features of the WMCA smiley was a yellow face, with black dots as eyes and had a slightly crooked smile. The outline of the face was also not smooth to give it more of a hand drawn look.<ref name=lennox>{{citation |title= Now You Know More: The Book of Answers |volume= 2 |author= Doug Lennox, illustrated by Catriona Wight |edition= illustrated |publisher= Dundurn |year= 2004 |isbn= 9781550025309 |page= 50 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=P4gCzZsOY0UC&q=smiley+wmca&pg=PA50 |access-date= 21 November 2020 |archive-date= 7 June 2024 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20240607183758/https://books.google.com/books?id=P4gCzZsOY0UC&q=smiley+wmca&pg=PA50#v=snippet&q=smiley%20wmca&f=false |url-status= live }}</ref> Originally, the yellow and black sweatshirt (sometimes referred to as gold), had WMCA Good Guys written on the front with no smiley face.<ref name=FiftyYears /><ref name=billboard />
[[File:Authentic Worcester-made smiley face, Harvey Ball.jpg|thumb|right|"Authentic [[Worcester, Massachusetts|Worcester]]-made smiley face", by Harvey Ball]]

A number of [[United States]]–based designs of yellow and black happy faces emerged over the next decade.<ref name=SmallBusinessWorld1966 >[https://archive.org/details/sim_business-world_1966-09_3_9/mode/2up ''Button Helps Firms Gain 'Smile' Image'', "Small  Business World 1966-09:Vol 3 Iss 9 page 1.]</ref><ref name=Stamp2013 /><ref name=FiftyYears /> State Mutual Life Assurance Company in [[Worcester, Massachusetts]] wanted to raise the morale of its staff following a merger with another [[insurance company]].<ref name=Lasted43>[https://www.newspapers.com/article/hartford-courant-a-grin-thats-lasted-43/132117431/ A Grin That's Lasted 43 Years - Smiley Face Got Its Start In Worcester (part 1)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240220195740/https://www.newspapers.com/article/hartford-courant-a-grin-thats-lasted-43/132117431/ |date=20 February 2024 }} and [https://www.newspapers.com/article/hartford-courant-smiley-grew-with-americ/132117354/ Smiley Grew With America’s Search For Positives(part 2)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240220195741/https://www.newspapers.com/article/hartford-courant-smiley-grew-with-americ/132117354/ |date=20 February 2024 }} Hartford Courant, Hartford, Connecticut, Fri, Sep 29, 2006, Pages D01, D05</ref> Company Vice President John Adam, Jr. suggested a "friendship campaign." He put Joy Young, Assistant Director of Sales and Marketing, in charge of the project. According to [[Worcester Historical Museum]]'s documents, Young requested that freelance artist [[Harvey Ball]] should design ''"a little smile to be used on buttons, desk cards and posters."''<ref>{{cite web |title=The Smiley Face |url=https://www.worcesterhistory.org/worcesters-history/worcesters-own/smiley-face/ |publisher=[[Worcester Historical Museum]]}}</ref> Ball completed the happy face in ten minutes and was paid $45 ({{Inflation|US|45|1963|fmt=eq}}).<ref name=nyt2001>{{cite news |first=William H. |last=Honan |author-link=William H. Honan |title=H. R. Ball, 79, Ad Executive Credited With happy Face |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2001/04/14/us/h-r-ball-79-ad-executive-credited-with-smiley-face.html |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=14 April 2001 |access-date=29 August 2009 |archive-date=29 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190629121520/https://www.nytimes.com/2001/04/14/us/h-r-ball-79-ad-executive-credited-with-smiley-face.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Adams" /> His rendition, with a bright yellow background, dark oval eyes, full smile, and creases at the sides of the mouth,<ref name=lennox/> was imprinted on more than fifty million [[Pin-back button|buttons]] and became familiar worldwide. The design is so simple that it is certain that similar versions were produced before 1963, including those cited above. However, Ball's rendition, as described here, has become the most iconic version.<ref name=nyt2001/><ref name="Adams" /> In 1967, Seattle graphic artist George Tanagi<ref>{{Cite web |title=George Tanagi's Work Is All Around {{!}} The Seattle Times |url=https://archive.seattletimes.com/archive/19991220/A19991221083424/george-tanagis-work-is-all-around |access-date=2024-12-22 |website=archive.seattletimes.com |archive-date=22 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241222233713/https://archive.seattletimes.com/archive/19991220/A19991221083424/george-tanagis-work-is-all-around |url-status=live }}</ref> drew his own version at the request of advertising agent, David Stern. Tanagi's design was used in a Seattle-based University Federal Savings & Loan advertising campaign.<ref name=MOHAI>{{Cite web |url=https://digitalcollections.lib.washington.edu/digital/collection/imlsmohai/id/17555 |title=Smiley face pin from University Federal Savings, 1967 (Museum of History and Industry) |access-date=21 February 2024 |archive-date=21 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240221161030/https://digitalcollections.lib.washington.edu/digital/collection/imlsmohai/id/17555 |url-status=live }}</ref> Lee Adams's lyrics inspired the "Put on a Happy Face" ad campaign from the musical ''[[Bye Bye Birdie]]''. Stern, the man behind this campaign, also incorporated the Happy Face in his run for Seattle mayor in 1993.<ref name="Adams" /> Throughout the 1960s the term happy face was used much more commonly in the [[United States]] than smiley describe earlier versions of commercial smiling face designs.<ref>{{cite web |title=Don’t put on a happy face! Are you using the smiley emoji all wrong? |url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2021/aug/11/dont-put-on-a-happy-face-are-you-using-the-smiley-emoji-all-wrong |publisher=[[The Guardian]] |date=August 11, 2021}}</ref>The Philadelphia-based brothers Bernard and Murray Spain also used the design on novelty items for their business, Traffic Stoppers. They focused on the slogan "Have a happy day,"<ref name=Spainbrothers1 /><ref>[https://archive.org/details/catalogofco1971325711libr/page/162/mode/2up?q=%22+Have+a+happy+day%22+%22Traffic+Stoppers%22 Catalog of Copyright Entries 3D Ser Vol 25 Pts 7-11A by Library of Congress. Copyright Office. 1971]</ref> which mutated into "[[Have a nice day]]." As with Harvey Ball, they also produced happy face badges, producing over 50 million with New York button manufacturer NG Slater.<ref name="Peter Shapiro 2001, pp44-49">Peter Shapiro, "Smiling Faces Sometimes", in ''The Wire'', issue 203, January 2001, pp. 44–49.</ref><ref name=NYTOct161971>{{Cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1971/10/16/archives/when-you-the-whole-world-with-you.html |title=When You ☺ the Whole World ☺ With You, The New York Times(Oct. 16, 1971) |website=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=18 February 2024 |archive-date=18 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240218154901/https://www.nytimes.com/1971/10/16/archives/when-you-the-whole-world-with-you.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=Treen19720320>[https://www.newspapers.com/article/newsday-suffolk-edition-the-smile-butt/133614840/ The smile button: It's Enough to Man Cry(part 1) By Joseph M Treen Newsday (Suffolk Edition), Melville, New York, Mon, Mar 20, 1972 page 3 A] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240228192438/https://www.newspapers.com/article/newsday-suffolk-edition-the-smile-butt/133614840/ |date=28 February 2024 }} and [https://www.newspapers.com/article/newsday-suffolk-edition-the-smile-butt/133992267/ (part 2 page 12 A) ]</ref>

In 1972, Frenchman Franklin Loufrani legally [[trademarked]] the use of a smiley face. He used it to highlight the good news parts of the newspaper ''[[France Soir]]''. He simply called the design "Smiley" and launched [[The Smiley Company]]. In 1996 Loufrani's son Nicolas Loufrani took over the family business and built it into a [[multinational corporation]]. Nicolas Loufrani was outwardly skeptical of [[Harvey Ball]]'s claim to creating the first smiley face. While noting that the design that his father came up with and Ball's design were nearly identical, Loufrani argued that the design is so simple that no one person can lay claim to having created it. As evidence for this, Loufrani's website points to early cave paintings found in France (dating from 2500 BC) that he claims are the first depictions of a smiley face. Loufrani also points to a 1960 radio ad campaign that reportedly made use of a similar design.<ref name=Stamp2013 /><ref name=HistoryTSC />

The Smiley Company claims to own the rights to the Smiley trademark in one hundred countries.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/07/05/business/worldbusiness/05smiley.html?pagewanted=all | work=The New York Times | first=Thomas | last=Crampton | title=Smiley Face Is Serious to Company | date=5 July 2006 | access-date=20 February 2017 | archive-date=1 July 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170701081618/http://www.nytimes.com/2006/07/05/business/worldbusiness/05smiley.html?pagewanted=all | url-status=live }}</ref> Its subsidiary, SmileyWorld Ltd, in London, headed by Nicolas Loufrani, creates or approves all the Smiley products sold in countries where it holds the trademark.<ref name="vice2"/> The Smiley brand and logo have significant exposure through licensees in sectors such as clothing, home decoration, perfumery, plush, stationery, publishing, and through promotional campaigns.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.licensing.biz/company-profiles/24/Smiley-Licensing |title=Smiley Licensing &#124; Company Profile by |website=Licensing.biz |access-date=14 March 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120229123013/http://www.licensing.biz/company-profiles/24/Smiley-Licensing |archive-date=29 February 2012 }}</ref> The Smiley Company is one of the 100 top licensing companies in the world, with a turnover of US$167 million in 2012.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rankingthebrands.com/PDF/Top%20125%20Global%20Licensors%202011,%20License%20Global.pdf|title=Global License : Ranking the brands|website=Rankingthebrands.com|access-date=21 September 2018|archive-date=20 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181120011154/https://www.rankingthebrands.com/PDF/Top%20125%20Global%20Licensors%202011,%20License%20Global.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>  The first Smiley shop opened in London in the [[Boxpark]] shopping center in December 2011.<ref>{{cite web |first=Giedrius |last=Ivanauskas |url=http://madeinshoreditch.co.uk/2012/01/16/boxpark-shoreditch-interview-with-nicolas-loufrani-ceo-of-smiley/ |title=Boxpark Shoreditch: Interview with Nicolas Loufrani CEO of Smiley &#124; Made in Shoreditch - A Magazine About Style, Innovation, Dining, Nightlife and People in Shoreditch |publisher=Made in Shoreditch |date=16 January 2012 |access-date=14 March 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130307075637/http://madeinshoreditch.co.uk/2012/01/16/boxpark-shoreditch-interview-with-nicolas-loufrani-ceo-of-smiley/ |archive-date=7 March 2013 }}</ref> In 2022, there were many birthday celebrations for the smiley. Many of these came in the form of collaborations between [[The Smiley Company]] and large retailers, such as [[Nordstrom]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Verdon |first1=Joan |title=Nordstrom And Luxury Brands Help The Smiley Face Celebrate Its 50th Birthday |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/joanverdon/2022/03/04/nordstrom-and-luxury-brands-help-the-smiley-face-celebrate-its-50th-birthday/ |work=[[Forbes]] |date=March 4, 2022 |access-date=30 May 2022 |archive-date=30 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220530154940/https://www.forbes.com/sites/joanverdon/2022/03/04/nordstrom-and-luxury-brands-help-the-smiley-face-celebrate-its-50th-birthday/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

The digital evolution of the Smiley began around the same time in the late 1990s, when the smiley first started to be incorporated into [[emoticon]] designs.{{citation needed|date=January 2025}} Many people lay claims on when this began and who started it, but phone company [[Alcatel]] first included a digital smiley as a welcome screen in 1996.{{citation needed|date=January 2025}} However, the first major development was the use of "toolbars" where users of various messaging applications (such as [[MSN messenger]]) could send emoticons or smileys for the first time on its messaging platform. The launch date is often hard to pinpoint, but it was likely on MSN Messenger 6 or 7 when it became an official toolbar, circa 2005.<ref>{{cite web |title=Microsoft set to release MSN Messenger 7.0 beta |url=https://www.networkworld.com/article/872294/security-microsoft-set-to-release-msn-messenger-7-0-beta.html |publisher=NetworkWorld |date=September 30, 2004}}</ref> Prior to this, unofficial toolbars had been used by millions of users to use digital smileys to convey or communicate emotion. One of the major toolbars was SmileyWorld's toolbar, a usable plugin developed by Nicolas Loufrani from his original Smiley Dictionary, with [[GIF]]s dating back even further on the site.<ref>{{cite web |title=Who Invented the Emojis |url=https://smiley.com/pages/who-invented-the-emojis |publisher=Smiley.com |access-date=1 December 2024 |archive-date=15 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240615121122/https://smiley.com/pages/who-invented-the-emojis |url-status=live }}</ref> By 2003, the SmileyWorld toolbar had 887 original smiley icons.{{citation needed|date=January 2025}} In the 1990s and 2000s, [[emoticon]]s, smileys and later [[emoji]]s were often interchangeable, but were used to describe pictograms used for digital communication.<ref>{{cite web |title=Don't know the difference between emoji and emoticons? Let me explain |url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2015/feb/06/difference-between-emoji-and-emoticons-explained |publisher=[[The Guardian]] |date=February 6, 2015 |access-date=1 December 2024 |archive-date=8 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230608113509/https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2015/feb/06/difference-between-emoji-and-emoticons-explained |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[File:London2012OlympicsSmileyBall.png|thumb|Smiley ball at [[London 2012 Olympics]]]]

In recent times, the smiley has been used as a symbol for happiness or to spread joy in public places or at major events. The first recorded evidence of this was at the [[2012 Summer Olympics opening ceremony|London 2012 opening ceremony]], where [[The Smiley Company]] is also headquartered. Balls were released into the crowd as the show began to start. The balls were large but light enough that members of the crowd could use the balls like a [[beach ball]], with each ball containing a large black smiley on one side.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Gunn |first1=Frank |title=Spectators play with giant smiley face beach balls during the pre-show for the Olympic Games Opening ceremonies in London on Friday July 27, 2012 |url=http://www.vancouversun.com/sports/2012-summer-games/story.html?id=7006231 |publisher=[[Vancouver Sun]] |date=28 July 2012 |access-date=9 April 2020 |archive-date=3 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201003030255/http://www.vancouversun.com/sports/2012-summer-games/story.html?id=7006231 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

In [[China]], there has been a steady growth in the use of smiley's in its culture both as a physical brand and also digitally.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Borak |first1=Masha |title=In China, the smiley face does not mean what you think it means |url=https://www.techinasia.com/smiley-face-emoji-meaning-china |publisher=TechinAsia}}</ref> This rise in popularity has led to a number of smiley merchandise stores opening in the country. By the end of 2024, 15 stores had opened in the country in cities such as [[Guangzhou]], [[Suzhou, Jiangsu|Suzhou]] and [[Xiamen]]. It was expected that the number could top 50 stores by the end of 2027.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Smiley Company Expands to China |url=https://www.licenseglobal.com/retail-news-trends/the-smiley-company-expands-to-china |publisher=License Global}}</ref> Other countries in Asia were also experiencing a similar boom, including [[Thailand]] where 3 stores opened in 2024.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Langsworthy |first1=Billy |title=Smiley opens pop-up stores in Thailand |url=https://www.brandsuntapped.com/smiley-opens-pop-up-stores-in-thailand/ |publisher=Brands Untapped |date=November 21, 2024}}</ref>