Editing Social class (section)

==Class society==
'''Class society''' or class-based society is an organizing principle society in which ownership of property, [[means of production]], and [[wealth]] is the determining factor of the distribution of power, in which those with more property and wealth are stratified higher in the society and those without access to the means of production and without wealth are stratified lower in the society. In a class society, at least implicitly, people are divided into distinct social strata, commonly referred to as social classes or [[caste]]s. The nature of class society is a matter of sociological research.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HKqHDAAAQBAJ&q=class+magnus+bygren&pg=PA208 |title=Work-Life Balance in Europe: The Role of Job Quality |first1=S. |last1=Drobnic |first2=A. |last2=Guillén |year=2011 |publisher=Springer |page=208 |isbn=978-0-230-30758-2 |access-date=1 August 2021 |archive-date=19 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230219212349/https://books.google.com/books?id=HKqHDAAAQBAJ&q=class+magnus+bygren&pg=PA208 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.skolporten.se/forskning/avhandling/essays-on-social-reproduction-and-lifelong-learning/ |title=Essays on Social Reproduction and Lifelong Learning |website=Skolporten |date=14 April 2010 |access-date=2020-05-14 |archive-date=29 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210629030837/https://www.skolporten.se/forskning/avhandling/essays-on-social-reproduction-and-lifelong-learning/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=Class Origin and Elite Position of Men in Business Firms in Sweden, 1993–2007: The Importance of Education, Cognitive Ability, and Personality |first1=Erik |last1=Bihagen |first2=Magnus |last2=Nermo |first3=Charlotta |last3=Stern |journal=European Sociological Review |volume=29 |issue=5 |date=October 2013 |pages=939–954 |doi=10.1093/esr/jcs070}}</ref> Class societies exist all over the globe in both industrialized and developing nations.<ref>{{cite web|title=Global Stratification and Inequality {{!}} Introduction to Sociology|url=https://courses.lumenlearning.com/sociology/chapter/global-stratification-and-inequality/|website=courses.lumenlearning.com|access-date=2020-06-01|archive-date=3 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210803205403/https://courses.lumenlearning.com/sociology/chapter/global-stratification-and-inequality/|url-status=live}}</ref> Class stratification is theorized to come directly from [[capitalism]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Lane|first=David|date=2005-12-01|title=Social class as a factor in the transformation of state socialism|journal=Journal of Communist Studies and Transition Politics|volume=21|issue=4|pages=417–435|doi=10.1080/13523270500363361|s2cid=154779478|issn=1352-3279}}</ref> In terms of public opinion, nine out of ten people in a Swedish survey considered it correct that they are living in a class society.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2004-04-26|title=Klassamhället åter anser 9 av 10|newspaper=Svenska Dagbladet|language=sv|url=https://www.svd.se/klassamhallet-ater-anser-9-av-10|issn=1101-2412|access-date=1 August 2021|archive-date=29 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210629143824/https://www.svd.se/klassamhallet-ater-anser-9-av-10|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Comparative sociological research===
One may use [[comparative method]]s to study class societies, using, for example, comparison of [[Gini coefficient]]s, ''de facto'' educational opportunities, unemployment, and culture.<ref>{{cite web |last=Cribb |first=Jonathan |title=Income inequality in the UK |url=https://ifs.org.uk/publications/income-inequality-uk |website=Institute for Fiscal Studies |access-date=2022-11-11 |date=2013-02-01 |archive-date=11 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221111013005/https://ifs.org.uk/publications/income-inequality-uk |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="ReferenceA">{{Cite book|title=Chavs : the demonization of the working class: with new preface|isbn=978-1-78168-398-9|edition=[New]|oclc=1105199910|last1 = Jones|first1 = Owen Peter|year = 2011|publisher=Verso Books }}</ref>

===Effect on the population===
Societies with large class differences have a greater proportion of people who suffer from [[mental health]] issues such as anxiety and depression symptoms.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The inner level: how more equal societies reduce stress, restore sanity and improve everyone's well-being|first1=Richard G|last1=Wilkinson|first2=Kate|last2=Pickett|year=2019|isbn=978-0-14-197539-9|oclc=1091644373|publisher=Penguin Books}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.socialstyrelsen.se/nyheter/2017/kraftigokningavpsykiskohalsahosbarnochungavuxna |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180221055729/https://www.socialstyrelsen.se/nyheter/2017/kraftigokningavpsykiskohalsahosbarnochungavuxna |title=Kraftig ökning av psykisk ohälsa bland barn och unga vuxna |language=sv |date=2017-12-13 |archive-date=2018-02-21 |website=Socialstyrelsen |first1=Peter |last1=Salmi}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.dagensarena.se/opinion/inte-konstigt-att-klassamhallet-far-oss-att-ma-daligt/ |title=Inte konstigt att klassamhället får oss att må dåligt |first1=Daniel |last1=Mathisen |date=2018-06-08 |access-date=2020-05-14 |language=sv |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190620193700/http://www.dagensarena.se/opinion/inte-konstigt-att-klassamhallet-far-oss-att-ma-daligt/ |archive-date=2019-06-20  }}</ref> A series of scientific studies have demonstrated this relationship.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Handbook of the sociology of mental health|date=1999|publisher=Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers|isbn=978-0-387-36223-6|page=152|oclc=552063104|first1=Carol S|last1=Aneshensel|first2=Jo C|last2=Phelan}}</ref> Statistics support this assertion and results are found in life expectancy and overall health; for example, in the case of high differences in life expectancy between two Stockholm suburbs. The differences between life expectancy of the poor and less-well-educated inhabitants who live in proximity to the station {{stl|Stockholm metro|Vårby gård}}, and the highly educated and more affluent inhabitants living near [[Danderyd]] differ by 18 years.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2014-05-12|title=Var du bor avgör när du dör|language=sv|url=https://www.svt.se/nyheter/val2014/hogutbildad-i-danderyd-lever-18-ar-langre-an-lagutbildad-i-varby|access-date=1 August 2021|archive-date=29 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210929061801/https://www.svt.se/nyheter/val2014/hogutbildad-i-danderyd-lever-18-ar-langre-an-lagutbildad-i-varby|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=2019-06-29|title=Mera om massiva och dödliga klasskillnader|newspaper=Svenska Dagbladet|language=sv|url=https://www.svd.se/mera-om-massiva-och-dodliga-klasskillnader|issn=1101-2412|access-date=1 August 2021|archive-date=29 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210629033344/https://www.svd.se/mera-om-massiva-och-dodliga-klasskillnader|url-status=live}}</ref>

Similar data about New York is also available for life expectancy, average income per capita, income distribution, median income mobility for people who grew up poor, share with a bachelor's degree or higher.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/05/13/opinion/inequality-cities-life-expectancy.html|title=Opinion &#124; What Does Opportunity Look Like Where You Live?|newspaper=The New York Times|date=13 May 2020|last1=Leonhardt|first1=David|last2=Serkez|first2=Yaryna|access-date=1 August 2021|archive-date=29 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210629154517/https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/05/13/opinion/inequality-cities-life-expectancy.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

In class societies, the lower classes systematically receive lower-quality education and care.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dagensmedicin.se/alla-nyheter/nyheter/skillnad-mellan-rika-och-fattigas-overlevnad-i-brostcancer/|title=Skillnad mellan rika och fattigas överlevnad i bröstcancer|website=www.dagensmedicin.se|access-date=9 April 2022|archive-date=20 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210920204226/https://www.dagensmedicin.se/alla-nyheter/nyheter/skillnad-mellan-rika-och-fattigas-overlevnad-i-brostcancer/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Closing the gap in a generation : health equity through action on the social determinants of health: Commission on Social Determinants of Health final report.|date=2008|publisher=World Health Organization, Commission on Social Determinants of Health|isbn=978-92-4-156370-3|oclc=248038286}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=2008-09-08|title=Fattiga klarar cancer sämst|newspaper=Svenska Dagbladet|language=sv|url=https://www.svd.se/fattiga-klarar-cancer-samst|issn=1101-2412|access-date=1 August 2021|archive-date=28 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210628022558/https://www.svd.se/fattiga-klarar-cancer-samst|url-status=live}}</ref> There are more explicit effects where those within the higher class actively demonize parts of the lower-class population.<ref name="ReferenceA"/><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Manstead |first1=Antony |title=The psychology of social class: How socioeconomic status impacts thought, feelings, and behaviour |journal=The British Journal of Social Psychology |date=2018 |volume=57 |issue=2 |pages=267–291 |publisher=PubMed Central |doi=10.1111/bjso.12251 |pmid=29492984 |pmc=5901394 }}</ref>