Editing Social environment (section)

=== Social and interpersonal relationships ===
[[File:Children Socializing on Blue Sofa and Chair.jpg|thumb|Social interactions can have a positive effect on well-being.]]
[[Social relation]]s are the connections individuals form with others—such as family, friends, neighbors, and coworkers—that influence [[emotional well-being]] and [[behavior]]. Sociologist [[Émile Durkheim|Emile Durkheim]] thought that if these interactions were disrupted, it could affect how we feel. Social relations can offer emotional or practical support, such as comforting someone when they are sad or helping with chores.<ref>{{Citation |last1=Cash |first1=Elizabeth |title=Social Relations |date=2024 |work=StatPearls |url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK436023/ |access-date=2024-04-04 |place=Treasure Island (FL) |publisher=StatPearls Publishing |pmid=28613794 |last2=Toney-Butler |first2=Tammy J.}}</ref>

Interpersonal relationships—emotional and social connections between individuals—can be impacted by [[Mental disorder|mental disorders]]. For example, some mental disorders may give rise to [[Conflict (process)|conflicts]] with others. These conflicts can appear in different areas of relationships.<ref>{{Citation |last=Griffin |first=John B. |title=Interpersonal Relationships |date=1990 |work=Clinical Methods: The History, Physical, and Laboratory Examinations |editor-last=Walker |editor-first=H. Kenneth |url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK314/ |access-date=2024-04-04 |edition=3rd |place=Boston |publisher=Butterworths |isbn=978-0-409-90077-4 |pmid=21250156 |editor2-last=Hall |editor2-first=W. Dallas |editor3-last=Hurst |editor3-first=J. Willis}}</ref>

When scientists study how relationships affect [[human health]] and behavior, they usually focus on these close relationships, rather than on formal ones like with [[Health Care Providers|healthcare providers]] or [[Lawyer|lawyers]]. They are interested in how people interact with their [[social circle]] and how it impacts them overall.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Social Relationship |url=https://www.sociologyguide.com/social-relationship/index.php |access-date=2024-04-04 |website=www.sociologyguide.com}}</ref>

==== Family relationships ====
[[Family]] relationships hold significance with regard to an individual's well-being across the lifespan. Supportive family ties provide emotional comfort, practical assistance, and a [[sense of belonging]], all of which contribute to better mental and physical health. Research indicates that individuals with strong family connections experience higher [[life satisfaction]] and improved overall health outcomes.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Grevenstein |first1=Dennis |last2=Bluemke |first2=Matthias |last3=Schweitzer |first3=Jochen |last4=Aguilar-Raab |first4=Corina |date=2019-06-01 |title=Better family relationships––higher well-being: The connection between relationship quality and health related resources |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S2212657017301204 |journal=Mental Health & Prevention |volume=14 |pages=200160 |doi=10.1016/j.mph.2019.200160 |issn=2212-6570}}</ref> Moreover, perceived family support has been shown to enhance emotional and psychological well-being by fostering positive emotions and social interactions.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=An |first1=Jing |last2=Zhu |first2=Xuanyu |last3=Shi |first3=Zhan |last4=An |first4=Jinlong |date=2024-04-02 |title=A serial mediating effect of perceived family support on psychological well-being |journal=BMC Public Health |volume=24 |issue=1 |pages=940 |doi=10.1186/s12889-024-18476-z |doi-access=free |issn=1471-2458 |pmc=10986067 |pmid=38566105}}</ref>

==== Work relationship ====
{{Main|Workplace relationship}}
'''Workplace relationships''' are unique [[Interpersonal relationship|interpersonal relationships]] with important implications for the individuals in those relationships, and the organizations in which the relationships exist and develop.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last1=Sias |first1=Patricia M. |last2=Gallagher |first2=Erin B. |last3=Kopaneva |first3=Irina |last4=Pedersen |first4=Hannah |date=2011-01-13 |title=Maintaining Workplace Friendships |journal=Communication Research |language=en |volume=39 |issue=2 |pages=239–268 |doi=10.1177/0093650210396869 |s2cid=26155388}}</ref> [[Workplace]] relationships directly affect a worker's ability and drive to succeed. These connections are multifaceted, can exist in and out of the organization, and can be both positive and negative. One such detriment lies in the nonexistence of workplace relationships, which can lead to feelings of [[loneliness]] and [[social isolation]].<ref name=":0" /> Workplace relationships are not limited to friendships, but also include [[Superior-subordinate communication|superior-subordinate]],<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sias |first=Patricia M. |date=2005-01-01 |title=Workplace Relationship Quality and Employee Information Experiences |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10510970500319450 |journal=Communication Studies |volume=56 |issue=4 |pages=375–395 |doi=10.1080/10510970500319450 |issn=1051-0974|url-access=subscription }}</ref> [[Romance (love)|romantic]],<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=McBride |first1=M. Chad |last2=and Bergen |first2=Karla Mason |date=2015-10-20 |title=Work Spouses: Defining and Understanding a "New" Relationship |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/10510974.2015.1029640 |journal=Communication Studies |volume=66 |issue=5 |pages=487–508 |doi=10.1080/10510974.2015.1029640 |issn=1051-0974|url-access=subscription }}</ref> and [[family]] relationships.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Barker |first1=Randolph T. |last2=Rimler |first2=George W. |last3=Moreno |first3=Evandro |last4=Kaplan |first4=Thomas E. |date=2004-10-01 |title=Family Business Members' Narrative Perceptions: Values, Succession, and Commitment |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.2190/H78U-J2AF-6QWC-X46J |journal=Journal of Technical Writing and Communication |language=EN |volume=34 |issue=4 |pages=291–320 |doi=10.2190/H78U-J2AF-6QWC-X46J |issn=0047-2816|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

==== Sexual and intimate relationships ====
{{Main|Intimate relationship}}
[[File:Adult couple holding hands.jpg|thumb|[[Holding hands]] is a form of intimacy]]
An '''intimate relationship''' is an [[interpersonal relationship]] that involves emotional or physical closeness between people and may include [[sexual intimacy]] and feelings of [[Romance (love)|romance]] or love.<ref name="Wong">{{cite book |last1=Wong |first1=D. W. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dnYcBgAAQBAJ |title=Counseling Individuals Through the Lifespan |last2=Hall |first2=K. R. |last3=Justice |first3=C.A. |last4=Wong |first4=L. |publisher=[[SAGE Publications]] |year=2014 |isbn=978-1-4833-2203-2 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=dnYcBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA326 326] |quote=Intimacy: As an intimate relationship is an interpersonal relationship that involves physical or emotional intimacy. Physical intimacy is characterized by romantic or passionate attachment or sexual activity.}}</ref> Intimate relationships are [[Interdependence theory|interdependent]], and the members of the relationship mutually influence each other.<ref>{{Citation |last=Rusbult |first=Caryl E. |title=Interdependence in Close Relationships |date=2003 |work=Blackwell Handbook of Social Psychology: Interpersonal Processes |pages=357–387 |editor-last=Fletcher |editor-first=Garth J. O. |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/9780470998557.ch14 |access-date=2023-10-30 |edition=1 |publisher=Wiley |language=en |doi=10.1002/9780470998557.ch14 |isbn=978-0-631-21228-7 |editor2-last=Clark |editor2-first=Margaret S.|url-access=subscription }}</ref> The [[Relationship Quality|quality]] and nature of the relationship depends on the interactions between individuals, and is derived from the unique context and history that builds between people over time.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Finkel |first1=Eli J. |last2=Simpson |first2=Jeffry A. |last3=Eastwick |first3=Paul W. |date=2017-01-03 |title=The Psychology of Close Relationships: Fourteen Core Principles |url=https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/10.1146/annurev-psych-010416-044038 |journal=Annual Review of Psychology |language=en |volume=68 |issue=1 |pages=383–411 |doi=10.1146/annurev-psych-010416-044038 |issn=0066-4308 |pmid=27618945 |s2cid=207567096|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Wiecha |first1=Jan |chapter-url=https://link.springer.com/referenceworkentry/10.1007/978-3-031-08956-5_1240-1 |title=Encyclopedia of Sexual Psychology and Behavior |date=2023 |publisher=[[Springer, Cham]] |isbn=978-3-031-08956-5 |pages=1–11 |language=en |chapter=Intimacy |doi=10.1007/978-3-031-08956-5_1240-1}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Jankowiak |first1=William |date=2015 |title=Intimacy |journal=The International Encyclopedia of Human Sexuality |pages=583–625 |doi=10.1002/9781118896877.wbiehs242|isbn=978-1-4051-9006-0 }}</ref> Social and legal [[Institution|institutions]] such as [[marriage]] acknowledge and uphold intimate relationships between people. However, intimate relationships are not necessarily [[Monogamy|monogamous]] or sexual, and there is wide social and [[Culture|cultural]] variability in the [[Social norm|norms]] and practices of intimacy between people.

In intimate relationships that are sexual, sexual satisfaction is closely tied to overall relationship satisfaction.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Maxwell |first1=Jessica A. |last2=McNulty |first2=James K. |date=2019 |title=No Longer in a Dry Spell: The Developing Understanding of How Sex Influences Romantic Relationships |journal=Current Directions in Psychological Science |language=en |volume=28 |issue=1 |pages=102–107 |doi=10.1177/0963721418806690 |issn=0963-7214 |s2cid=149470236 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Sex promotes intimacy, increases happiness,<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Cheng |first1=Zhiming |last2=Smyth |first2=Russell |date=2015-04-01 |title=Sex and happiness |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0167268115000050 |journal=Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization |volume=112 |pages=26–32 |doi=10.1016/j.jebo.2014.12.030 |issn=0167-2681|url-access=subscription }}</ref> provides [[pleasure]], and reduces stress.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Meston |first1=Cindy M. |last2=Buss |first2=David M. |date=2007-07-03 |title=Why Humans Have Sex |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10508-007-9175-2 |journal=Archives of Sexual Behavior |volume=36 |issue=4 |pages=477–507 |doi=10.1007/s10508-007-9175-2 |issn=0004-0002 |pmid=17610060 |s2cid=6182053|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Ein-Dor |first1=Tsachi |last2=Hirschberger |first2=Gilad |date=2012 |title=Sexual healing: Daily diary evidence that sex relieves stress for men and women in satisfying relationships |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0265407511431185 |journal=Journal of Social and Personal Relationships |language=en |volume=29 |issue=1 |pages=126–139 |doi=10.1177/0265407511431185 |issn=0265-4075 |s2cid=73681719|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Studies show that couples who have sex at least once per week report greater well-being than those who have sex less than once per week.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Muise |first1=Amy |last2=Schimmack |first2=Ulrich |last3=Impett |first3=Emily A. |date=2016 |title=Sexual Frequency Predicts Greater Well-Being, But More is Not Always Better |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1948550615616462 |journal=Social Psychological and Personality Science |language=en |volume=7 |issue=4 |pages=295–302 |doi=10.1177/1948550615616462 |issn=1948-5506 |s2cid=146679264|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Research in [[human sexuality]] finds that the ingredients of high quality sex include feeling connected to your partner, good communication, vulnerability, and feeling present in the moment. High quality sex in intimate relationships can both strengthen the relationship and improve well-being for each individual involved.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Kleinplatz |first1=Peggy J. |last2=Menard |first2=A. Dana |last3=Paquet |first3=Marie-Pierre |last4=Paradis |first4=Nicolas |last5=Campbell |first5=Meghan |last6=Zuccarino |first6=Dino |last7=Mehak |first7=Lisa |date=2009 |title=The components of optimal sexuality: A portrait of "great sex" |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/232545283 |journal=Canadian Journal of Human Sexuality |volume=18 |issue=1–2}}</ref>