Editing Springfield, Ohio (section)

===Industrial development===
During the mid-and-late 19th century, the [[manufacturing]] industry began to flourish in Springfield. Industrialists included Oliver S. Kelly, James Leffel, P. P. Mast, [[Benjamin H. Warder]], and [[Asa S. Bushnell (Ohio)|Asa S. Bushnell]], who built the self-named Bushnell Building.<ref>[http://www.bushnellbuilding.com/history.htm History of the Bushnell Building] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150409095022/http://www.bushnellbuilding.com/history.htm |date=April 9, 2015 }}</ref> Springfield became known as "The Champion City", a reference to the Champion Farm Equipment brand.<ref name="bicentennial"/>
Champion was manufactured by the Warder, Bushnell & Glessner Company, absorbed into International Harvester in 1902.

[[International Harvester]], a manufacturer of farm machinery and later trucks, became the leading local industry after 1856, when Springfield native William Whiteley invented a self-raking reaper and mower. In 1877, P. P. Mast started ''[[Farm & Fireside]]'' magazine to promote the products of his agricultural equipment company. His publishing company, known as Mast, Crowell, and Kirkpatrick, eventually developed as the [[Crowell-Collier Publishing Company]], best known for publishing ''[[Collier's Weekly]].'' International Harvester and Crowell-Collier Publishing would be the city's major employers throughout most of the next century.

In 1894, [[The Kelly Springfield Tire Company]] was founded in the city. [[Harry Aubrey Toulmin, Sr.]], patent attorney to the [[Wright Brothers]], wrote the 1904 [[patent]] to their [[invention of the airplane]] at the Bushnell Building, eventually granted to the brothers in 1906.<ref name="bicentennial"/>

At the turn of the 20th century, Springfield became known as the "Home City". It was a period of high activity by fraternal organizations, and such lodges as the [[Masonic Lodge]], [[Knights of Pythias]], and [[Independent Order of Odd Fellows|Odd Fellows]] built homes for orphans and aged members of their orders.

[[File:SpringfieldOH 4-H Club Sculpture.jpg|thumb|A statue depicting [[AB Graham]] and the first [[4-H]] club]]
That same year, A.B. Graham, then the superintendent of schools for Springfield Township in Clark County, established a "Boys' and Girls' Agricultural Club". About 85 children, 10 to 15 years of age, attended the first meeting on January 15, 1902, in Springfield, in the basement of the Clark County Courthouse. This was the start of what would soon be called the "[[4-H|4-H Club]]"; it expanded to become a nationwide organization at a time when agriculture was a mainstay of the economy in many regions.<ref>[http://www.national4-hheadquarters.gov/about/4h_history.htm "4-H History"]. National4-hheadquarters.gov. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081009054014/http://www.national4-hheadquarters.gov/about/4h_history.htm |date=October 9, 2008 }}</ref> The first projects included food preservation, gardening, and elementary agriculture. Today, a historical marker exists at the Clark County courthouse, and the [[Library of Congress]] officially recognized the birthplace in 2023.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Orozco |first1=Jesse |title=Clark County now recognized by Library of Congress as birthplace of 4-H |url=https://www.springfieldnewssun.com/news/clark-county-now-recognized-by-library-of-congress-as-birthplace-of-4-h/V46KJWYMXRCVXMK3R3UDQRY2W4/ |website=Springfield News-Sun |access-date=September 7, 2024 |date=September 13, 2023 |archive-date=October 4, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231004192505/https://www.springfieldnewssun.com/news/clark-county-now-recognized-by-library-of-congress-as-birthplace-of-4-h/V46KJWYMXRCVXMK3R3UDQRY2W4/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

On March 7, 1904, over a thousand white residents formed a [[Lynching|lynch mob]], stormed the jail, and removed prisoner Richard Dixon, a black man accused of killing police officer Charles B. Collis. Dixon was shot to death and then hanged from a pole on the corner of Fountain and Main Street, where the mob shot his body numerous times. From there, the mob rioted through the town, destroying and burning much of the black area. The events were covered by national newspapers and provoked outrage.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9B01E6D9103BE631A2575BC0A9659C946597D6CF&scp=4&sq=springfield+ohio&st=p|title=Mob in Ohio Shoots...|date=March 8, 1904|newspaper=The New York Times|access-date=February 13, 2017|archive-date=March 5, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305004816/http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9B01E6D9103BE631A2575BC0A9659C946597D6CF&scp=4&sq=springfield+ohio&st=p|url-status=live}}</ref> On February 26, 1906, an altercation between a white man and a black man resulted in another riot. The rioters burned down much of the Levee, a predominantly black neighborhood located in a flood-prone area near the river. Nearly 100 people were left homeless.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ohiohistorycentral.org |url=http://ohiohistorycentral.org/entry.php?rec=2100&nm=Springfield-Ohio-Racial-Conflicts |access-date=November 10, 2008 |archive-date=August 28, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080828174933/http://www.ohiohistorycentral.org/entry.php?rec=2100&nm=Springfield-Ohio-Racial-Conflicts |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite thesis |last=Carter |first=Darnell |date=1993 |title=The 1904, 1906, and 1921 race riots in Springfield, Ohio and the Hoodlum theory |url=http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1375275114 |access-date=June 22, 2020 |website=OhioLINK |publisher=The Ohio State University |archive-date=September 18, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240918034620/https://etd.ohiolink.edu/acprod/odb_etd/etd/r/1501/10?clear=10&p10_accession_num=osu1375275114 |url-status=live }}</ref> The final riot took place in 1921. ''[[The New York Times]]'' reported that 14 people were killed during the unrest.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Fourteen Negroes Shot in Race Riot; Fight Pitched Battle With Whites Near Midnight in Springfield, Ohio. Troops Rushed to City, Outbreak Follows Wounding of Policeman – Climax of Negro Assault on White Girl|work=The New York Times|url=http://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1921/03/12/103559394.html?zoom=16.05|access-date=June 22, 2020|language=en|archive-date=September 18, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240918034619/https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1921/03/12/103559394.html?zoom=16.05|url-status=live}}</ref>

From 1916 to 1926, 10 [[automobile]] companies operated in Springfield. Among them were the Bramwell, Brenning, Foos, Frayer-Miller, Kelly Steam, Russell-Springfield, and Westcott. The Westcott, known as "the car built to last", was a six-cylinder four-door sedan manufactured by Burton J. Westcott of the [[Westcott Automobile|Westcott Motor Car Company]].

[[File:Westcott House Springfield 06.jpg|thumb|[[Westcott House (Springfield, Ohio)|Westcott House]] by [[Frank Lloyd Wright]]]]
In 1908, Westcott and his wife Orpha commissioned architect [[Frank Lloyd Wright]] to design their home at 1340 East High Street. The [[Westcott House (Springfield, Ohio)|Westcott House]], a sprawling two-story stucco and concrete house, has all the features of Wright's "prairie style", including horizontal lines, low-pitched roof, and broad eaves. Wright became world-renowned, and this is his only prairie-style house in the state of Ohio.<ref name="CR">{{cite web |last1=Armstrong |first1=Phil |title=There's a Frank Lloyd Wright-Designed Home Just 80 Miles North of Cincy |url=https://cincinnatirefined.com/arts-design/westcott-house-designed-in-prairie-style-by-famous-architect-frank-lloyd-wright-in-springfield-ohio |website=Cincinnati Refined |access-date=May 23, 2021 |date=July 24, 2018 |archive-date=May 23, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210523193028/https://cincinnatirefined.com/arts-design/westcott-house-designed-in-prairie-style-by-famous-architect-frank-lloyd-wright-in-springfield-ohio |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2000, the property was purchased by the [[Chicago]]-based Frank Lloyd Wright Building Conservancy. As part of a prearranged plan, the house was sold to the Westcott House Foundation, a newly formed group that managed an extensive 5-year, $5.8 million restoration, completed in October 2005.<ref name="CR"/> The house is now open to the public for guided tours.