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Square wave (waveform)
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== Characteristics of imperfect square waves == As already mentioned, an ideal square wave has instantaneous transitions between the high and low levels. In practice, this is never achieved because of physical limitations of the system that generates the waveform. The times taken for the signal to rise from the low level to the high level and back again are called the ''[[rise time]]'' and the ''[[fall time]]'' respectively. If the system is [[overdamped]], then the waveform may never actually reach the theoretical high and low levels, and if the system is underdamped, it will oscillate about the high and low levels before settling down. In these cases, the rise and fall times are measured between specified intermediate levels, such as 5% and 95%, or 10% and 90%. The [[Bandwidth (signal processing)|bandwidth]] of a system is related to the transition times of the waveform; there are formulas allowing one to be determined approximately from the other.
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