Editing Stone pine (section)

==Uses==

===Food===
''Pinus pinea'' has been cultivated extensively for at least 6,000&nbsp;years for its edible pine nuts, which have been trade items since early historic times. The tree has been cultivated throughout the [[Mediterranean]] region for so long that it has [[Naturalisation (biology)|naturalized]], and is often considered native beyond its natural range.

===Ornamental===
[[File:Appia Antica way.jpg|thumb|Pines on [[Appian Way|Via Appia Antica]]]]

The tree is among the current symbols of [[Rome]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-08-13 |title=Rome's Iconic Umbrella Pines Imperiled by Pests and the Ax |work=The New York Times |language=en |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/08/13/world/europe/rome-umbrella-pines-imperiled.html |access-date=2023-08-14 |last1=Povoledo |first1=Elisabetta }}</ref> It was first planted in Rome during the [[Roman Republic]], where many historic [[Roman roads]], such as the [[Appian Way|Via Appia]], were (and still are) embellished with lines of stone pines. Stone pines were planted on the hills of the [[Bosphorus]] [[strait]] in [[Istanbul]] for [[ornamental tree|ornamental]] purposes during the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] period. In Italy, the stone pine has been an aesthetic landscape element since the [[Italian Renaissance garden]] period. In the 1700s, ''P.&nbsp;pinea'' began being introduced as an ornamental tree to other [[Mediterranean climate]] regions of the world, and is now often found in gardens and parks in South Africa, California, and Australia. It has naturalized beyond cities in South Africa to the extent that it is listed as an [[invasive species]] there. It is also planted in western Europe up to southern Scotland, and on the East Coast of the United States up to New Jersey.

In the United Kingdom it has won the [[Royal Horticultural Society]]'s [[Award of Garden Merit]].<ref name = RHSPF>{{cite web 
| url = https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/13122/i-Pinus-pinea-i/Details | title = RHS Plantfinder - ''Pinus pinea''
| access-date = 30 April 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/pdfs/agm-lists/agm-ornamentals.pdf | title = AGM Plants – Ornamental | date = July 2017 | page = 71 | publisher = Royal Horticultural Society | access-date = 25 April 2018}}</ref>

Small specimens are used for [[bonsai]], and also grown in large pots and planters. The year-old seedlings are seasonally available as table-top [[Christmas tree]]s {{convert|20|-|30|cm|in|abbr=on|0}} tall.

===Other===
Other products of economic value include [[resin]], bark for [[tannin]] extraction, and empty pine cone shells for fuel. ''Pinus pinea'' is also currently widely cultivated around the [[Mediterranean]] for [[environmental protection]] such as consolidation of [[coastal dunes]], [[soil conservation]] and protection of coastal agricultural crops.<ref>{{citation |author=Fady, B. |author2=Finesch, S. |author3=Vendramin, G. |name-list-style=amp |title=Italian stone pine − ''Pinus pinea'': Technical guidelines for genetic conservation and use |date=2004 |url=http://www.euforgen.org/fileadmin//templates/euforgen.org/upload/Publications/Technical_guidelines/1036._Italian_stone_pine_Pinus_pinea.pdf |publisher=[[European Forest Genetic Resources Programme]] |access-date=18 January 2017 |archive-date=18 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170118222407/http://www.euforgen.org/fileadmin//templates/euforgen.org/upload/Publications/Technical_guidelines/1036._Italian_stone_pine_Pinus_pinea.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>