Editing Stuttgart (section)

=== Middle Ages ===
{{See also|Germany in the Middle Ages}}
In 700, [[Duke of Swabia|Duke]] [[Gotfrid]] mentions a "Chan Stada" in a document regarding property.<ref name="Pangloss">{{cite web |title=Chronicle Stuttgart |url=https://www.pangloss.de/cms/index.php?page=chronik-stuttgarts |publisher=Pangloss |access-date=14 October 2018 |archive-date=15 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181015003027/https://www.pangloss.de/cms/index.php?page=chronik-stuttgarts |url-status=live }}</ref> Archaeological evidence shows that later [[Merovingian dynasty|Merovingian]] era [[Franks|Frankish]] farmers continued to till the same land the Romans did.{{sfn|Kirn|2007}}

Cannstatt is mentioned in the [[Abbey of Saint Gall|Abbey of St. Gall]]'s archives as "''Canstat ad Neccarum''" ({{langx|de|Cannstatt-on-Neckar}}) in 708.{{citation needed|date=October 2016}} The [[etymology]] of the name "''Cannstatt''" is not clear, but as the site is mentioned as ''condistat'' in the [[Annals of Metz]] (9th century),{{citation needed|date=October 2016}} it is mostly derived from the Latin word ''condita'' ("foundation"), suggesting that the name of the Roman settlement might have had the prefix "''Condi-''". Alternatively, Sommer (1992) suggested that the Roman site corresponds to the ''Civitas Aurelia G'' attested to in an inscription found near [[Öhringen]].<ref>C. Sebastian Sommer, "Die städtischen Siedlungen im rechtsrheinischen Obergermanien" in: ''Die römische Stadt im 2. Jahrhundert n. Chr. Der Funktionswandel des öffentlichen Raumes'', (Xantener Berichte 2, 1992, 119 ff.</ref> There have also been attempts at a derivation from a Gaulish ''*kondâti-'' "confluence".<ref name="auto"/><ref>{{cite book |title=Imperium Romanum. Roms Provinzen an Neckar, Rhein und Donau |editor-first=Susanne |editor-last=Schmidt |publisher=Theiss, Konrad |year=2007 |pages=80–84 |isbn=9783806221404 |first=Albrecht |last=Greule |chapter=Keltische Ortsnamen in Baden-Württemberg. Wir können alles – außer Latein}}</ref>

In [[Anno Domini|AD]] 950, [[Liudolf, Duke of Swabia|Duke Liudolf]] of [[Swabia]], son of the current [[Holy Roman Emperor]] [[Otto I, Holy Roman Emperor|Otto I]], decided to establish a stud farm for his cavalry during the [[Hungarian invasions of Europe]] on a widened area of the [[Nesenbach]] river valley {{cvt|5|km|mi}} south of the old Roman castrum.<ref name="StadtHist"/> The land and title of [[Duke of Swabia]] remained in Liudolf's hands until his rebellion was quashed by his father four years later. In 1089, Bruno of Calw built the precursor building to the [[Old Castle (Stuttgart)|Old Castle]].<ref name="Pangloss"/>

[[Viticulture in Stuttgart|Stuttgart's viticulture]], first documented in the [[Holy Roman Empire]] in the year AD 1108,<ref name="Pangloss"/> kept people in the area of that stud farm for some time, but the area was still largely overshadowed by nearby Cannstatt because of its role as a local crossroad for many major European trade routes.<ref name="WorldTravGuide">{{cite web |title=The History of Stuttgart |publisher=World Travel Guide |access-date=13 October 2013 |url=https://www.worldtravelguide.net/guides/europe/germany/stuttgart/history/ |archive-date=30 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170430140531/http://www.worldtravelguide.net/guides/europe/germany/stuttgart/history/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Nevertheless, the existence of a settlement here (despite the terrain being more suited for that original stud farm) during the [[High Middle Ages]] is provided by a gift registry from [[Hirsau Abbey]] dated to around 1160 that mentions a "Hugo de Stuokarten".<ref name="Pangloss"/> A settlement at this locale was again mentioned in 1229, but this time by [[Pope Gregory IX]].<ref name="GeschStutt1"/> In AD 1219, Stuttgart (then Stuotgarten) became a possession of [[Herman V, Margrave of Baden-Baden|Herman V]], [[List of rulers of Baden|Margrave of Baden]].<ref name="GeschStutt1"/> In addition to [[Backnang]], [[Pforzheim]], and [[Besigheim]], Hermann would also found the Stuttgart we know today in {{Circa|1220}}.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Pantel |first1=Mike |title=History of Baden-Württemberg |url=http://www.pantel-web.de/bw_mirror/history/bw304_e.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180318204204/http://www.pantel-web.de/bw_mirror/history/bw304_e.htm |archive-date=18 March 2018 |access-date=14 October 2018}}</ref> In 1251, the city passed to the [[Ulrich I, Count of Württemberg|Ulrich I]] [[House of Württemberg|von Württemberg]] as part of Mechthild von Baden's [[dowry]]. His son, [[Eberhard I, Count of Württemberg|Eberhard I]] "the Illustrious",<ref name="GeschStutt1"/> would be the first to begin the many major expansions of Stuttgart under the House of Württemberg.

Eberhard desired to expand the realm his father had built through military action with the aid of the [[anti-king]] [[Henry Raspe, Landgrave of Thuringia|Henry Raspe IV]], [[Landgrave of Thuringia]], but was thwarted by the action of Emperor [[Rudolf I of Germany|Rudolph I]]. Further resistance by Eberhard I against the Emperor's created [[Vogt]]s and [[Bailiwick]]s as well as the newly appointed Duke of Swabia [[Rudolf II, Duke of Austria]], eventually led to armed conflict and initial successes upon Emperor Rudolph I's death in 1291 against the Emperor's men. After initially defeating his regional rivals, [[Henry VII, Holy Roman Emperor|Henry VII]], newly elected as Emperor, decided to take action against Eberhard I in 1311 during his war with the [[Free imperial city]] of [[Esslingen am Neckar|Esslingen]] by ordering his Vogt, Konrad IV von Weinberg, to declare war on Eberhard I. Eberhard I, defeated on the battlefield, lost Stuttgart and his castle (razed in 1311){{sfn|Dorling|2001|p=294}} to Esslingen and the city was thus managed by the city state from 1312 to 1315.<ref name="GeschStutt1"/> Total destruction of the county was prevented by Henry VII's death on 24 August 1313 and the elections of [[Louis IV, Holy Roman Emperor|Louis IV]] as King of the Germans and [[Frederick the Fair|Frederick III]] as anti-king. Eberhard seized the opportunity granted to him by the political chaos, and recaptured his hometown and birthplace in 1316,<ref name="GesichichtePDF">{{cite web |url=https://www.stuttgart.de/img/mdb/item/13822/10893.pdf |title=Stadtarchiv Stuttgart – Stuttgarter Stadtgeschichte im Überblick |trans-title=City Archive Stuttgart – An overview of Stuttgart's city history |access-date=14 October 2018 |language=de}}{{Dead link|date=January 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> and made much territorial gain. With peace restored at last, Eberhard began repairs and expansion to Stuttgart beginning with the reconstruction of [[Wirtemberg Castle]], ancestral home to the House of Württemberg, in 1317 and then began expansion of the city's defenses. The early 1320s were important years for Stuttgart: Eberhard I moved the seat of the county to the city to a [[Old Castle (Stuttgart)|new and expanded castle]],<ref name="LanMus:AltSch">{{cite web |title=Altes Schloss |url=https://www.landesmuseum-stuttgart.de/museen-und-institutionen/altes-schloss/ |publisher=Landesmuseum Wurttemberg |access-date=14 October 2018 |archive-date=15 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181015002841/https://www.landesmuseum-stuttgart.de/museen-und-institutionen/altes-schloss/ |url-status=dead}}</ref> the [[collegiate church]] in [[Beutelsbach (Weinstadt)|Beutelsbach]], where previous members of the Württemberg dynasty had been buried prior to its destruction in 1311,<ref name="GesichichtePDF"/> moved to its [[Württemberg Mausoleum|current location in Stuttgart]] in 1320,<ref name="GesichichtePDF"/> and the town's Stiftkirche was expanded into an abbey, and the control of the Martinskirche by the Bishopric of Constance was broken by Papal order in 1321.<ref name="GesichichtePDF"/> A year after the city became the principal seat of the Counts of Württemberg in 1320,<ref name="EBStutt"/> the city was granted status as a city and given civic rights.<ref name="EBStutt"/> At the end of the 14th century, new suburbs sprang up around Leonhard Church and near the city's fortifications as well. Towards the end of the 15th century, Count [[Ulrich V, Count of Württemberg|Ulrich V]] began construction of a new suburb on the northeastern edge of the city around the [[Dominican Order|Dominican]] [[monastery]] Hospitalkirche. In the 1457, the first Landtag of the [[Estates of Württemberg]] was established in Stuttgart and a similar institution was established in [[Leonberg]]. After the temporary partitions of the County of Württemberg by the [[Treaty of Nürtingen|Treaties of Nürtingen]], [[Treaty of Münsingen|Münsingen]], and Esslingen, Stuttgart was once again declared the capital of the county in 1483.<ref name="GesichichtePDF"/>