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Surface layer
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===Discrepancies with traditional theory=== The logarithmic flow profile has long been observed in the ocean, but recent, highly sensitive measurements reveal a sublayer within the surface layer in which turbulent eddies are enhanced by the action of surface waves.<ref name = "craig">{{cite journal | doi = 10.1175/1520-0485(1994)024<2546:MWETIT>2.0.CO;2 | last = Craig | first = Peter D. |author2=Michael L. Banner | title = Modeling Wave-Enhanced Turbulence in the Ocean Surface Layer | journal = Journal of Physical Oceanography | volume = 24 | issue = 12 | pages = 2546β2559 | year = 1994 |bibcode = 1994JPO....24.2546C | doi-access = free }}</ref> It is becoming clear that the surface layer of the ocean is only poorly modeled as being up against the "wall" of the air-sea interaction.<ref name = "Agrawal">{{cite journal|last1=Agrawal|first1=Y. C.|last2=Terray|first2=E. A.|last3=Donelan|first3=M. A.|last4=Hwang|first4=P. A.|last5=Williams|first5=A. J.|last6=Drennan|first6=W. M.|last7=Kahma|first7=K. K.|last8=Krtaigorodskii|first8=S. A.|title=Enhanced dissipation of kinetic energy beneath surface waves|journal=Nature|volume=359|issue=6392|year=1992|pages=219β220|issn=0028-0836|doi=10.1038/359219a0|bibcode=1992Natur.359..219A|s2cid=4308649 }}</ref> Observations of turbulence in Lake Ontario reveal under wave-breaking conditions the traditional theory significantly underestimates the production of turbulent kinetic energy within the surface layer.<ref name="Agrawal"/>
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