Editing Taligent (section)

==== Pink system ====
The Pink team was faced with the two possible architectural directions of either using legacy System 6 code or starting from scratch. Having just delivered the System 6 overhaul in the form of [[MultiFinder]], Ringewald was adamant that Pink's intense ambitions were deliverable within a realistic two year timeframe only if the team heavily improved its legacy compatibility code. He pragmatically warned them, "We're going to have enough trouble just reimplementing the Mac." In Apple's contentious corporate culture of consensus, this mandate was soon challenged; David Goldsmith resigned from Pink after making a counter-ultimatum for a complete redesign which obviates all legacy problems, and some other staff escalated their complaints to upward management in agreement with that. Months later, a senior executive finally overrode Ringewald, thus redeveloping Pink from scratch as a new and unique system with no System 6 legacy.<ref name="Apple: The Inside Story"/>{{rp|97–98}}<ref name="Apple's First Stab"/>

The Pink team numbered eleven when the six-person kernel team within Apple's Advanced Technology Group (ATG) was merged into Pink to begin designing its new [[microkernel]]<ref name="Apple: The Inside Story"/>{{rp|98}}<ref name="Apple's First Stab"/> named Opus.<ref name="IEEE Software March 1995"/><ref name="Why did Taligent fail"/><ref name="Half an operating system">{{cite news |last=Reimer |first=Jeremy |date=November 24, 2013 |title=Half an operating system: The triumph and tragedy of OS/2 |publisher=Ars Technica |url=https://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2013/11/half-an-operating-system-the-triumph-and-tragedy-of-os2/ |access-date=February 12, 2019}}</ref> Embellishing upon the pink index cards, Pink's overall key design goals were now total [[Object-oriented programming|object-orientation]], [[memory protection]], [[preemptive multitasking]], [[internationalization]], and advanced graphics. Many ideas from the red cards would later be adopted. After its first two months, Pink had a staff of about 25.<ref name="Apple: The Inside Story"/>{{rp|97–98}}

By October 1988, the Gang of Five had become only one{{mdash}}Bayles Holt{{mdash}}because Gene Pope, Gerard Schutten, and Erich Ringewald had exited the sprawling Pink project. The former leader held "grave doubts" over the feasibility of this "living, breathing, money-consuming thing" which was "out of control". Meanwhile, the remaining group and all of Apple were enamored and doubtless of Pink's world-changing vision, trying to join its staff of more than 100 by April 1989. It was a flourishing project that drained personnel from various other departments. All groups outside of Blue became defensively secretive in a company-wide culture of empire-building. Pink's secretive and [[wikt:turf war|turf war]]ring culture didn't share source code or product demonstrations, even with the next generation Jaguar workstation design group, until so ordered by CEO John Sculley, and only then under extreme security and monitoring.<ref name="Apple: The Inside Story"/>{{rp|99–100}}<ref name="Apple's First Stab">{{cite web |first=Tom |last=Hormby |date=April 27, 2014 |work=Low End Mac |title=Pink: Apple's First Stab at a Modern Operating System |url=http://lowendmac.com/2014/pink-apples-first-stab-at-a-modern-operating-system/ |access-date=February 1, 2019}}</ref> Throughout Apple, the project and the system were considered successful, but from April 1989 and on into the 1990s, the running joke had always been and would always be, "When is Pink going to ship? Two years."<ref name="Apple: The Inside Story"/>{{rp|99–100}}<ref name="Apple's First Stab"/>

By late 1989, Pink was a functional prototype of a desktop operating system on Macintosh hardware, featuring advanced graphics and dynamic internationalized text. Pink engineer Dave {{nowrap|Burnard, Ph.D.,}} said it was "a real OS that could demonstrate the core technology" much deeper than System 6 could do.<ref name="Apple: The Inside Story"/>{{rp|99–100}} In June 1990, Bill Bruffey abandoned the idea of Pink becoming a new Mac OS. He got permission to create yet another new microkernel named [[NuKernel]], intended explicitly for a new Mac OS. His team of six engineers worked a few months to demonstrate a microkernel-based Mac OS on a [[Macintosh IIci]], which would years later become [[Copland (operating system)|Copland]] and the proposed Mac OS 8.<ref name="Inside the JavaOS"/>

In 1990, Pink became the Object Based Systems group with Senior Vice President Ed Birss and a diverse staff of 150, including marketing and secretaries.<ref name="Apple: The Inside Story"/>{{rp|99–100}} Meanwhile, the hundreds of personnel in the Blue design group<ref name="Apple's First Stab"/> were constrained by the commercial pragmatism of maintaining their billion-dollar legacy operating system, which required them to refuse many new features, which earned them the infamous nickname "[[Blue Meanies (Apple Computer)|Blue Meanies]]". This group had well established the evolution of System 6 which would be released in 1991 as [[System 7]]. RAM chips and hard drives were extremely expensive so most personal computers were critically resource constrained, and System 7 would already barely fit onto existing Macintosh systems. Pink would therefore be hard-pressed to include backward compatibility for System 7 applications atop itself, assuming the team wanted to do so. This physical and economical constraint is a crucial aspect of the [[second-system effect]].

Pink's [[graphical user interface]] (GUI) is based on a ''faux'' 3D motif of isometric icons, beveled edges, non-rectangular windows, and drop shadows. One designer said "The large UI team included interaction and visual designers, and usability specialists."<ref name="Taligent Portfolio">{{cite web |title=Taligent Portfolio |first=Robin |last=Silberling |publisher=Robin Silberling |url=http://robinnet.net/resume/Robin_portfolio_Taligent.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070519194402/http://robinnet.net/resume/Robin_portfolio_Taligent.htm |archive-date=May 19, 2007 |access-date=February 9, 2019}}</ref> That essential visual design language would be an influence for several years into Copland, [[Mac OS 8]], and CommonPoint.<ref name="CommonPoint UI">{{cite web |title=About the CommonPoint human interface |publisher=Taligent, Inc. |date=1995 |url=http://pcroot.cern.ch/TaligentDocs/TaligentOnline/DocumentRoot/1.0/Docs/books/HI/HI_7.html#HEADING13 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070624045722/http://pcroot.cern.ch/TaligentDocs/TaligentOnline/DocumentRoot/1.0/Docs/books/HI/HI_7.html#HEADING13 |archive-date=June 24, 2007 |access-date=February 9, 2019}}</ref> Magazines<ref name="Surrender the Pink!">{{cite magazine |last=Davis |first=Fred |date=February 1, 1993 |title=Surrender the Pink! |url=https://www.wired.com/1993/02/taligent/ |magazine=Wired |publisher=Condé Nast |access-date=February 1, 2019}}</ref> throughout the early 1990s showed various mock-ups of what Pink could look like. The People, Places, and Things metaphor extends beyond the traditional desktop metaphor and provides the user with GUI tools to easily drag documents between people and things, such as fax machines and printers.<ref name="Taligent goes public">{{cite news |title=Taligent goes public with operating system |page=4 |first=Ed |last=Scannell |location=Phoenix, AZ |magazine=Computerworld |date=March 28, 1994 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MSyLIpxDdcMC&q=taligent&pg=PA4 |access-date=March 20, 2019}}</ref> The component-based document model is similar to what would become [[OpenDoc]]. In mid-1991, Apple CEO John Sculley bragged that Apple had written 1.5 million lines of code for Pink.<ref name="Surrender the Pink!"/> An IBM engineer described the first impression of this sophisticated prototype in 1991:
{{quote box|[Pink] had proven that an operating system ... could, in fact, be built on a microkernel. ... This microkernel then exported C++ interfaces, providing an object-oriented "wrapper". ... All the code that traditionally had resided in a kernel was implemented in system frameworks. This was not a monolithic kernel, but a collection of object-oriented servers performing specific kernel-type tasks. There were frameworks for file systems, for device drivers, for databases, for networking, and so on. But they all resided outside the kernel. And in the [Pink] world, these things were objects.<ref name="OWCPE book">{{cite book |title=IBM's Official OS/2 Warp Connect PowerPC Edition: Operating in the New Frontier |first1=Ken |last1=Christopher |first2=Scott |last2=Winters |first3=Mary Pollak |last3=Wright |publisher=IDG Books |location=Foster City, CA |date=1995 |isbn=978-1-56884-458-9 |oclc=832595706}}</ref>{{rp|4}}
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