Editing Tangier (section)

===Medieval===
[[File:Tangier4.JPG|right|thumb|Entrance gate to the medina]]
Probably invited by [[Bonifacius|Count Boniface]], who feared war with [[Galla Placidia|the empress dowager]],<ref name=pro/> tens of thousands of [[Vandals]] under [[Gaiseric]] crossed into [[North Africa]] in 429 CE and occupied Tingis<ref name=huckleberry>{{harvp|Finlayson|1992|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=z69sBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA26 26]}}.</ref> and Mauretania as far east as [[Calama (Numidia)|Calama]]. When Boniface learned that he and the empress had been manipulated against each other by [[Flavius Aetius|Aetius]], he attempted to compel the Vandals to return to Spain but was instead defeated at Calama in 431.<ref name=pro>{{citation |author=[[Procopius]] |title=History of the Wars |at=[[:s:History of the Wars/Book III|Bk. III]] |title-link=:s:History of the Wars }}.</ref> The Vandals lost control of Tingis and the rest of Mauretania in various Berber uprisings.

Tingis was reconquered by [[Belisarius]], the general of the [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantine]] emperor [[Justinian the Great|Justinian{{nbsp}}I]], in 533 as part of the [[Vandalic War]].<ref name=huckleberry/> The new provincial administration was moved, however, to the more defensible base at [[Septem (Ceuta)|Septem]] (present-day [[Ceuta]]).{{sfnp|Lévi-Provençal|1936|p=650}} Byzantine control probably yielded to pressure from [[Visigoth Spain]] around 618.<ref>{{Cite EB1911|wstitle= Morocco |volume= 18 |last1= Meakin |first1= James Edward Budgett |last2= Meakin |first2= Kate Alberta | pages = 850&ndash;861, see page 855, final two lines |quote= In the fifth century A.D. the country became subject to the Vandals and, about 618, to the Goths.}}</ref>

[[Count Julian]] of [[Ceuta]] supposedly led the last defences of Tangier against the [[Islamic conquest of the Maghreb|Muslim invasion of North Africa]].{{sfnp|Akram|1980|p=5}} [[Chivalric romance|Medieval romance]] made his betrayal of [[Christendom]] a personal vendetta against the [[Visigoths|Visigoth]] king [[Roderic]] over the honour of his daughter,{{sfnp|Collins|2003}} but Tangier at last fell to a siege{{sfnp|Akram|1980|p=9}} by the forces of [[Musa bin Nusayr]] sometime between 707{{sfnp|Gerli|2003}} and 711.{{sfnp|Brett|2017}}<ref>{{citation |author=Ibn Abd al-Hakam |title=The History of the Conquest of Egypt, North Africa, and Spain... |editor-last=Torrey |editor-first=Charles Cutler |location=New Haven |publisher=Yale University Press |date=1922 }}.</ref> While he moved south through central Morocco, he had his deputy at Tangier [[Tariq ibn Zayid]], Musa's ''[[mawla]]''{{sfnp|Collins|2003}}{{sfnp|Civantos|2017|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=GO0_DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA115 115]}} launch the beginning of the [[Islamic conquest of Spain|Muslim invasion of Spain]].{{sfnp|Gerli|2003}} [[Uqba ibn Nafi]] was frequently but erroneously credited with Tangier's conquest by medieval historians, but only owing to Musa's later commission at the hands of [[Al-Walid I]].<ref>{{citation |first=Ahmed |last=Benabbès |contribution=Les Premiers Raids Arabes en Numidie Byzantine: Questions Toponymiques |title=Identités et Cultures dans l'Algérie Antique |location=Rouen |publisher=University of Rouen |date=2005 }}. {{in lang|fr}}</ref>

Under the [[Umayyad Caliphate|Umayyads]], Tangier served as the capital of the Moroccan district (''Maghreb al-Aqsa''<ref name=bad/> or ''al-Udwa'') of the [[Ifriqiya|province of Africa]] (''Ifriqiya''). The conquest of the Maghreb and Spain had, however, been undertaken principally as raids for [[Slavery in Islam|slaves]] and plunder and the caliphate's leadership continued to treat all Berbers as pagans or slaves for [[jizya|tax purposes]], even after their wholesale conversion to Islam.<ref name=brett>{{harvp|Brett|2017|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=8C1WDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA193 193]}}.</ref> In the area around Tangier, these hateful taxes were mostly paid in female slaves or in tender [[Lambskin (sheepskin)|lambskin]]s obtained by beating the ewes to induce [[premature birth]].<ref name=brett/> [[Yazid ibn Abi Muslim|Governor Yazid]] was murdered by Berber guards whom he had tattooed as slaves in {{c.|720}},<ref name=brett/> and in the 730s, similar treatment from [[Ubayd Allah ibn al-Habhab|Governor Ubayd Allah]] and [[Omar ibn Abd Allah al-Muradi|al-Muradi]], his deputy at Tangier, provoked the [[Berber Revolt]]. Inspired by the egalitarian [[Kharijite]] heresy, [[Barghawata]] and others under [[Maysara al-Matghari]] seized Tangier in the summer of 740.{{sfnp|Ilahiane|2010|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=aRYuDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA47 s.v. "Barghwata"]}}<ref name=brettt>{{harvp|Brett|2017|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=8C1WDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA194 194]}}.</ref> In the [[Battle of the Nobles]] on the city's outskirts a few months later, Maysara's replacement [[Khalid ibn Hamid al-Zanati|Khalid ibn Hamid]] massacred the cream of Arab nobility in North Africa. An enraged [[Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik|Caliph Hisham]] ordered an attack from a second army "whose beginning is where they are and whose end is where I am," but this army was [[Battle of Bagdoura|defeated at Bagdoura]] the next year.{{sfnp|Blankinship|1994|pp=208–9}} The Barghawata were concentrated further south on the Atlantic coast, and area around Tangier fell into chaos until 785.{{sfnp|Lévi-Provençal|1936|p=651}}

The [[Zaidiyyah|Shia]] Arab refugee [[Idris I of Morocco|Idris]] arrived at Tangier{{sfnp|Lévi-Provençal|1936|p=651}} before moving further south, marrying into local tribes around [[Moulay Idriss]] and assembling an army that, among [[Idrisids|its other conquests]], took Tangier {{c.|790}}. During the division of the sultanate that occurred on the death of [[Idris II of Morocco|Idris{{nbsp}}II]], Tangier fell to his son [[Qasim ibn Idris|Qasim]] in 829.{{sfnp|Lévi-Provençal|1936|p=651}} It was soon taken by Qasim's brother [[Umar ibn Idris|Umar]], who ruled it until his death in 835.{{sfnp|Lévi-Provençal|1936|p=651}} Umar's son [[Ali ibn Umar|Ali]] became sultan (r.{{nbsp}}874–883), as did Qasim's son [[Yahya ibn al-Qasim|Yahya]] after him (r.{{nbsp}}880–904), but they governed from [[Fez, Morocco|Fez]].

The [[Fatimids|Fatimid]] caliph [[Abdullah al-Mahdi Billah|Abdullah al-Madhi]] began interfering in Morocco in the early 10th century, prompting [[Abd ar-Rahman III|the Umayyad emir of Cordova]] to proclaim himself caliph and to begin supporting proxies against his rivals. He helped the [[Maghrawa Berbers]] overrun [[Melilla]] in 927, [[Ceuta]] in 931, and Tangier in 949.{{sfnp|Lévi-Provençal|1936|p=651}} Tangier's governor was subsequently named chief over Cordova's Moroccan possessions and allies.{{sfnp|Lévi-Provençal|1936|p=651}} [[Ali ibn Hammud al-Nasir|Ali ibn Hammud]], named Cordova's governor for Ceuta in 1013, took advantage of the realm's civil wars to conquer Tangier and [[Málaga]] before overrunning Cordova itself and proclaiming himself caliph in 1016. His Barghawata ally Rizḳ Allāh was then permitted to rule from Tangier with general autonomy.{{sfnp|Lévi-Provençal|1936|p=651}}

[[Yusuf ibn Tashfin]] captured Tangier for the [[Almoravids]] in 1077.{{sfnp|Lévi-Provençal|1936|p=651}} It fell to [[Abd al-Mumin]]'s [[Almohad Caliphate|Almohads]] in the 1147, and then flourished under his dynasty, with its port highly active.{{sfnp|Lévi-Provençal|1936|p=651}}

Like Ceuta, Tangier did not initially acknowledge the [[Marinids]] after the fall of the Almohads. Instead, the local chief [[Abu 'l-Hadidjadj Yusuf ibn Muhammad ibn al-Amir al-Hamdani|Yusuf ibn Muhammad]] pledged himself to the [[Hafsids]] in Tunisia and then to the [[Abbasids]] in the east before being killed in {{sc|ah}}{{nbsp}}665 (late 1266 or early 1267).{{sfnp|Lévi-Provençal|1936|p=651}} [[Abu Yusuf Yaqub ibn Abd al-Haqq|Abu Yusuf Yaqub]] compelled Tangier's allegiance with a three months' siege in 1274.{{sfnp|Lévi-Provençal|1936|p=651}}

The next century was an obscure time of rebellions and difficulties for the city. During this time, the traveler [[Ibn Battuta]] was born in Tangier in 1304, leaving home at 20 for the [[hajj]].{{sfnp|Ilahiane|2010|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=aRYuDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA99 s.v. "Ibn Battuta Muhammad ibn ʿAbd Allah"]}} [[Barbary pirates|Piracy]] from Tangier and [[Salé]] began to harass shipping in the [[Strait of Gibraltar|strait]] and [[North Atlantic]] in the late 14th{{nbsp}}century.<ref name=huckleberry/> A partial plan of the late medieval [[kasbah]] was found in a Portuguese document now held by the [[Military Archives of Sweden]] in Stockholm.{{sfnp|Elbl|2012}}