Editing Tarring and feathering (section)

== 20th century ==
[[File:The tarring and feathering of Mrs Lowry.png|thumb|Image accompanying story of "Female Whitecaps Chastise Woman" from the ''[[Ada Evening News]]'' of November 27, 1906. The article describes an incident in East Sandy, Pennsylvania, where four married women tarred and feathered Mrs. Hattie Lowry.]]
{{multiple image | total_width=400 
| image1=John Meintz, punished during World War I - NARA - 283633 - restored.jpg
| alt1=Tarring and feathering victim front.
| image2=John Meintz, punished during World War I - NARA - 283634.jpg 
| alt2=Tarring and feathering victim back as a form of humiliation
| footer=[[German-American]] farmer John Meints of [[Luverne, Minnesota]], was tarred and feathered in August 1918 during [[World War I]] for allegedly not supporting war bond drives.<ref>{{cite web |last=Welter |first=Ben |url=http://www.startribune.com/nov-16-1919-tarred-and-feathered/70155507/ |title=Nov. 16, 1919: Tarred and feathered |publisher=StarTribune.com |date=November 18, 2015 |access-date=September 19, 2017 |archive-date=August 5, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190805212747/http://www.startribune.com/nov-16-1919-tarred-and-feathered/70155507/ |url-status=dead}}</ref> Minnesotan historians have cited this incident as an example of [[Nativism (politics)|nativism]] and [[anti-German sentiment]] in Minnesota during [[World War I]].<ref name=MNopedia>{{cite encyclopedia |last=Alam |first=Ehsan |title=Anti-German Nativism, 1917–1919 |url=https://www.mnopedia.org/anti-german-nativism-1917-1919 |encyclopedia=MNopedia |publisher=[[Minnesota Historical Society]]}}{{MNopedia}}</ref>
}}

The November 27, 1906, edition of the ''Evening News'' of Ada, Oklahoma, reports that a [[vigilance committee]] consisting of four young married women from East Sandy, Pennsylvania, corrected the alleged evil conduct of their neighbor, Mrs. Hattie Lowry, in [[Whitecapping|whitecap style]]. One of the women was a sister-in-law of the victim. The women appeared at Mrs. Lowry's home in open day and announced that she had not heeded the spokeswoman and leader. Two women held Mrs. Lowry to the floor while the other two smeared her face with stove polish until it was completely covered. They then poured thick molasses upon her head and emptied the contents of a feather pillow over the molasses. The women then marched the victim to a railroad camp, tied by the wrists, where two hundred workmen stopped work to watch the spectacle. After parading Mrs. Lowry through the camp, the women tied her to a large box where she remained until a man released her. Three of the women involved were arrested, pleaded guilty and each paid a $10.00 fine.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn84026853/1906-11-21/ed-1/seq-7/|title=The Abbeville press and banner. [volume] (Abbeville, S.C.) 1869-1924, November 21, 1906, Image 7|first=National Endowment for the|last=Humanities|date=November 21, 1906|via=chroniclingamerica.loc.gov}}</ref>

In 1912, the American [[anarchist]] [[Ben Reitman]] was "tarred and sagebrushed" by vigilantes in the aftermath of the [[San Diego free speech fight]]. [[Sagebrush]] was used because feathers were not available.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Free Speech in the Progressive Era {{!}} American Experience {{!}} PBS |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/goldman-free-speech-progressive-era-1907-1916/ |access-date=2022-08-20 |website=www.pbs.org}}</ref>

There were several examples of tarring and feathering of African Americans in the lead-up to [[World War I]] in [[Vicksburg, Mississippi]].<ref name=harris/> According to William Harris, this was a relatively rare form of mob punishment to Republican African-Americans in the post-bellum U.S. South, as its goal was typically pain and humiliation rather than death.<ref name=harris>Harris, William J. "Etiquette, Lynching, and Racial Boundaries in Southern History: A Mississippi Example". ''[[The American Historical Review]]''. Vol. 100, No. 2 (Apr., 1995), pp. 387–410</ref>

During World War I, [[anti-German sentiment]] was widespread in the United States and many German-Americans were attacked. For example, in August 1918 a German-American farmer, John Meints of Luverne, Minnesota, was captured by a group of men, taken to the nearby South Dakota border and tarred and feathered—for allegedly not supporting [[war bond]]s. Meints sued his assailants and lost, but on appeal to a federal court he won, and  in 1922 settled out of court for $6,000.<ref name="startribune.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.startribune.com/blogs/70155507.html |title=Nov. 16, 1919: Tarred and feathered |publisher=StarTribune.com |access-date=2012-03-07 |archive-date=2015-05-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150501041438/http://www.startribune.com/blogs/70155507.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> In March 1922, a German-born Catholic priest in [[Slaton, Texas]], Joseph M. Keller, who had been harassed by local residents during World War I due to his ethnicity, was accused of breaking the [[Seal of the Confessional (Catholic Church)|seal of confession]] and tarred and feathered. Thereafter Keller served a Catholic parish in Milwaukee, Wisconsin.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Bills|first1=E. R.|title=Texas Obscurities: Stories of the Peculiar, Exceptional and Nefarious|date=October 29, 2013|publisher=Arcadia Publishing|location=Father Keller|isbn=9781625847652|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Vvx2CQAAQBAJ&q=Keller&pg=PT51}}</ref>

Future Australian senator [[Fred Katz]] – a socialist and anti-conscriptionist of German parentage – was publicly tarred and feathered outside his office in Melbourne in December 1915.<ref>{{cite Au Senate |Sen id=katz-frederick-carl |name=Katz, Frederick Carl (1877–1960) |first=Frank |last=Bongiorno |year=2004 |access-date=2022-11-30}}</ref> A week before the [[1919 Australian federal election]], former [[Australian Labor Party|Labor]] MP [[John McDougall (Australian politician, born 1867)|John McDougall]] was kidnapped by a group of about 20 ex-soldiers in [[Ararat, Victoria]], and subsequently tarred and feathered before being dumped in the town's streets. He had earlier been revealed as the author of an anti-war poem that was perceived as insulting Australia's soldiers. Six men were charged with inflicting [[grievous bodily harm]], but pleaded down to common assault and were fined £5 each. Many newspapers supported their actions.<ref>{{cite journal |first=Terry |last=King |title=The Tarring and Feathering of J. K. McDougall: 'Dirty Tricks' in the 1919 Federal Election |journal=Labour History|volume=45  |issue=45 |pages=54–67 |year=1983 |jstor=27508605 |doi=10.2307/27508605}}</ref>

A group of black-robed [[Knights of Liberty (vigilante group)|Knights of Liberty]] (a faction of the [[KKK]]) tarred and feathered seventeen members of the [[Industrial Workers of the World]] (IWW) in Oklahoma in 1917, during an incident known as the [[Tulsa Outrage]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Chapman |first=Lee Roy |url=http://thislandpress.com/09/01/2011/tate-brady-battle-greenwood/ |title=The Nightmare of Dreamland This Land |date=September 2011 |access-date=September 1, 2011}}</ref> They claimed responsibility for a number of other tarring and feathering incidents over the next year in Oklahoma, the Midwest, and California. In the 1920s, vigilantes were opposed to [[Industrial Workers of the World|IWW]] organizers at California's harbor of [[San Pedro, Los Angeles|San Pedro]]. They kidnapped at least one organizer, subjected him to tarring and feathering, and left him in a remote location.<ref>{{cite book |last=Sullivan |first=Rob |title=Street Level: Los Angeles in the Twenty-First Century |publisher=Ashgate Publishing |date=2014 |pages=131–132 |isbn=978-1-4094-4840-2}}</ref>

The edition of the ''Miami Daily News-Record'' ([[Miami, Oklahoma]]) for Wednesday, May 28, 1930, contains on its front page the arrests of five brothers (Isaac, Newton, Henry, Gordon and Charles Starns) from Louisiana accused of tarring and feathering S. L. Newsome, who was a prominent dentist. This was in retaliation for the dentist having an affair with one of the brother's wives.{{Citation needed|date=April 2019}}

Similar tactics were also used by the [[Provisional Irish Republican Army]] (IRA) during the early years of [[the Troubles]]. Many of the victims were women accused of being in romantic relationships with policemen or British soldiers.<ref>{{cite news |last=Theroux |first=Paul |author-link=Paul Theroux |title=This was England |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2011/feb/13/paul-theroux-this-was-england |newspaper=[[The Observer]] |location=London |date=February 13, 2011 |access-date=December 13, 2016 |archive-date=September 27, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160927192020/https://www.theguardian.com/books/2011/feb/13/paul-theroux-this-was-england |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Has Northern Ireland left the past behind? |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/northern_ireland/8381652.stm |publisher=[[BBC News]] |date=November 27, 2009 |access-date=December 15, 2020 |language=en-GB}}</ref>

[[Robert E. Miles]] received a 4-year sentence for the tarring and feathering of a school official.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FIwwWSSL5JIC|title=Gods of the Blood: The Pagan Revival and White Separatism|last=Gardell|first=Mattias|date=2003-06-27|publisher=Duke University Press|isbn=9780822330714|pages=350|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Former Klan Leader Miles Loses Bid For Freedom - Ann Arbor District Library |url=https://aadl.org/aa_news_19770722-former_klan_leader_miles_loses_bid_for_freedom |access-date=2023-08-15 |website=aadl.org}}</ref>