Editing Teleost (section)

=== Internal relationships ===

The phylogeny of the teleosts has been subject to long debate, without consensus on either their [[Phylogenetic tree|phylogeny]] or the timing of the emergence of the major groups before the application of modern [[DNA]]-based cladistic analysis. Near et al. (2012) explored the phylogeny and divergence times of every major lineage, analysing the DNA sequences of 9 unlinked genes in 232 species. They obtained well-resolved phylogenies with strong support for the nodes (so, the pattern of branching shown is likely to be correct). They calibrated (set actual values for) branching times in this tree from 36 reliable measurements of absolute time from the fossil record.<ref name=PNAS/> The teleosts are divided into the major clades shown on the cladogram,<ref>{{cite web |website=[[Deepfin]] |author=Betancur-R |display-authors=etal |title=Phylogenetic Classification of Bony Fishes Version 4 |url=https://sites.google.com/site/guilleorti/classification-v-4 |year=2016 |access-date=30 December 2016 |archive-date=11 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170711171156/https://sites.google.com/site/guilleorti/classification-v-4 |url-status=dead }}</ref> with dates, following Near et al.<ref name=PNAS/><!--<ref name=UCL>{{cite web |title=Vertebrate Diversity: Actinopterygii - ray-finned fishes |url=http://www.ucl.ac.uk/museums-static/obl4he/vertebratediversity/rayfinned_fishes.html |publisher=[[University College London]]|access-date=31 December 2015}}</ref>--> More recent research divide the teleosts into two major groups: Eloposteoglossocephala (Elopomorpha + Osteoglossomorpha) and Clupeocephala (the rest of the teleosts).<ref>[https://www.fau.edu/newsdesk/articles/teleost-fishes-ancestral-lineage.php Study Resolves 50-Year Dispute of Teleost Fishes Ancestral Lineage]</ref><ref>[https://hal.science/hal-03765882/document Genome structures resolve the early diversification of teleost fishes]</ref>

{{clade |style=font-size:90%;line-height:90%
|label1='''Teleostei'''
|sublabel1=310 mya
|1={{clade
|label1=Eloposteoglossocephala
|1={{clade
   |1={{clade
     |label1=[[Osteoglossomorpha]]
      |1={{clade
      |1=[[Hiodontiformes]] ([[mooneye]]s) [[File:Hiodon tergisus NOAA.jpg|60 px]]
      |sublabel2=250 mya 
      |2=[[Osteoglossiformes]] ([[bonytongue]]s, [[Mormyridae|elephantfishes]]) [[File:Osteoglossum bicirrhosum (white background).jpg|70px]]
      }}
    }}
     |label2=[[Elopomorpha]]
   |2={{clade
       |1=[[Elopiformes]] ([[tenpounder]]s, [[tarpon]]s) <span style="{{MirrorH}}">[[File:Tarpon (PSF).png|70 px]]</span>
    |2={{clade
      |1=[[Albuliformes]] ([[Japanese gissu]]s and [[bonefish]]es) [[File:Albula conorhynchus - 1700-1880 - Print - Iconographia Zoologica - Special Collections University of Amsterdam - (white background).jpg|70px]]
      |2={{clade
        |1=[[Notacanthiformes]] (deep sea spiny eels) [[File:Notacanthus sexspinis1.jpg|90px]]
        |2=[[Anguilliformes]] (true [[eel]]s) <span style="{{MirrorH}}">[[File:Conger conger Gervais.jpg|70px]]</span>
           }}
         }}
       }}
     }}
    |label2=[[Clupeocephala]]
    |2={{clade
      |label1=[[Otocephala]] |sublabel1=230 mya
      |1={{clade
        |label1=[[Clupeomorpha|Clupei]]
        |1=[[Clupeiformes]] ([[herrings]]) [[File:Blueback herring fish (white background).jpg|70px]]
        |2={{clade
          |label1=Alepocephali
          |1=[[Alepocephaliformes]] ([[slickhead]]s) [[File:Alepocephalus rostratus Gervais.jpg|70px]]
          |label2=[[Ostariophysi]]
          |2={{clade
            |label1=Anotophysa
            |1=[[Gonorynchiformes]] ([[milkfish]])<span style="{{MirrorH}}">[[File:Chanos salmoneus Achilles 166.jpg|70px]]</span>
            |label2=[[Otophysi|Otophysa]]
            |2={{clade
              |1=[[Cypriniformes]] ([[minnow]]s, [[carp]]s, [[loach]]es)[[File:Common carp (white background).jpg|70px]]
              |2={{clade
                |1=[[Characiformes]] ([[tetras]], [[piranha]]s)<span style="{{MirrorH}}">[[File:Cynopotamus argenteus.jpg|70px]]</span>
                |2={{clade
                  |1=[[Gymnotiformes]] (knifefish and [[electric eel]]s) [[File:Johann Natterer - Ituí-cavalo (Apteronotus albifrons).jpg|70px]]
                  |2=[[Siluriformes]] (catfish) [[File:Black bullhead fish (white background).jpg|70px]]
                   }}
                 }}
               }}
             }}
           }}
         }}
      |label2=[[Euteleostei]] |sublabel2=240 mya
      |2={{clade
        |1={{clade
           |label1=Lepidogalaxii
           |1=[[Lepidogalaxiiformes]] (salamanderfish)
           }}
        |2={{clade
          |1={{clade
             |label1=[[Protacanthopterygii]] |sublabel1=225 mya
             |1={{clade
                |1=[[Argentiniformes]] (marine smelts)[[File:Argentina sphyraena.jpg|70 px]]
                |2={{clade
                   |1=[[Galaxiiformes]] ([[whitebait]], mudfishes)<span style="{{MirrorH}}">[[File:Galaxias maculatus.jpg|70px]]</span>
                   |2={{clade
                      |1=[[Esociformes]] ([[Esox|pike]]) <span style="{{MirrorH}}">[[File:Esox lucius1.jpg|70px]]</span>
                      |2=[[Salmoniformes]] ([[salmon]], [[trout]]) [[File:Salmo salar flipped.jpg|70px]]
                      }}
                   }}
                }}
             }}
          |2={{clade
            |label1=[[Stomiati]]
            |1={{clade
              |1=[[Stomiiformes]] (dragonfish) [[File:Sigmops bathyphilus.jpg|70px]]
              |2=[[Osmeriformes]] ([[smelt (fish)|smelt]]) <span style="{{MirrorH}}">[[File:Southern Pacific fishes illustrations by F.E. Clarke 100 1.jpg|70px]]</span>
               }}
            |sublabel2=175 mya
            |label2=[[Neoteleostei]]
              |2={{clade
              |label1=Ateleopodia
               |1=[[Ateleopodiformes]] (jellynoses)<span style="{{MirrorH}}">[[File:Ijimaia plicatellus1.jpg|60px]]</span>
              |label2=Eurypterygia
               |2={{clade
               |label1=Aulopa
                 |1=[[Aulopiformes]] (lizardfish) [[File:Aulopus filamentosus.jpg|70px]]
               |label2=Ctenosquamata
                 |2={{clade
                   |label1=Scopelomorpha
                   |1=[[Myctophiformes]] ([[lanternfish]])<span style="{{MirrorH}}">[[File:Myctophum punctatum1.jpg|80px]]</span>
                   |label2=[[Acanthomorpha]]
                     |2={{clade
                       |1={{clade
                       |label1=[[Lampripterygii]]
                       |1=[[Lampriformes]] ([[oarfish]], [[opah]], [[ribbonfish]]) [[File:Moonfish 600.jpg|60px]]
                       |label2=[[Paracanthopterygii]]
                         |2={{clade
                           |1=[[Percopsiformes]] (troutperches)<span style="{{MirrorH}}">[[File:Percopsis omiscomaycus.jpg|70px]]</span>
                           |2={{clade
                             |1=[[Zeiformes]] (dories) [[File:Zeus faber.jpg|70px]]
                             |2={{clade
                               |1=[[Stylephoriformes]] (tube-eyes/thread-fins) [[File:Stylephorus chordatus1.jpg|80px]]
                               |2=[[Gadiformes]] ([[cod]]s) <span style="{{MirrorH}}">[[File:Atlantic cod.jpg|70px]]</span>
                               }}
                           }}
                        }}
                      }}
        |2={{clade
          |label1=Polymixiipterygii
          |1=[[Polymixiiformes]] (beardfish) [[File:Polymixia nobilis1.jpg|70px]] 
          |label2=[[Acanthopterygii]]
          |2={{clade
            |1={{clade
            |label1=Berycimorphaceae
            |1={{clade
              |1=[[Beryciformes]] ([[alfonsino]]s, [[whalefish]]es) [[File:Beryx decadactylus (white background).jpg|60px]]
              |2=[[Trachichthyiformes]] ([[pinecone fish]]es, [[slimehead]]s)<span style="{{MirrorH}}">[[File:Anoplogaster cornuta Brauer.jpg|70px]]</span>
               }}
               }}
            |2={{clade
              |label1=Holocentrimorphaceae 
              |1=[[Holocentriformes]] ([[squirrelfish]], [[Myripristinae|soldier fishes]])<span style="{{MirrorH}}">[[File:Plectrypops retrospinis - pone.0010676.g037.png|60px]]</span>
              |2=[[Percomorpha]] <span style="{{MirrorH}}">[[File:Abborre,_Iduns_kokbok.jpg|70px]]</span>
               }}
             }}
           }}
         }}
       }}
     }}
   }}
 }}
           }}
         }}
       }}
     }}
   }}The most [[biodiversity|diverse]] group of teleost fish today are the Percomorpha, which include, among others, the [[Scombroidei|tuna]], [[Syngnathiformes|seahorses]], [[gobies]], [[Cichlidae|cichlids]], [[flatfish]], [[Labridae|wrasse]], [[Perciformes|perches]], [[Lophiiformes|anglerfish]], and [[Tetraodontiformes|pufferfish]].<ref name=deepfin4>{{cite journal |last1=Betancur-R |first1=Ricardo |last2=Wiley |first2=Edward O. |last3=Arratia |first3=Gloria |last4=Acero |first4=Arturo |last5=Bailly |first5=Nicolas |last6=Miya |first6=Masaki |last7=Lecointre |first7=Guillaume |last8=Ortí |first8=Guillermo |title=Phylogenetic classification of bony fishes |journal=BMC Evolutionary Biology |date=6 July 2017 |volume=17 |issue=1 |pages=162 |doi=10.1186/s12862-017-0958-3 | pmid=28683774 | pmc=5501477 |issn=1471-2148 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2017BMCEE..17..162B }}</ref> Teleosts, and percomorphs in particular, thrived during the [[Cenozoic]] [[Era (geology)|era]]. Fossil evidence shows that there was a major increase in size and abundance of teleosts immediately after the [[mass extinction event]] at the [[Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event|Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary]] ca. 66 [[myr|mya]].<ref name="Sibert2015">{{cite journal |last1=Sibert |first1=E. C. |last2=Norris |first2=R. D. |title=New Age of Fishes initiated by the Cretaceous−Paleogene mass extinction |journal=[[PNAS]] |date=2015-06-29 |pages=8537–8542 |doi=10.1073/pnas.1504985112| pmid=26124114|volume=112|issue=28| pmc=4507219|bibcode=2015PNAS..112.8537S|doi-access=free}}</ref>

[[File:Evolution of ray-finned fish.png|500px|thumb|Evolution of ray-finned fishes, [[Actinopterygii]], from the [[Devonian]] to the present as a spindle diagram. The width of the spindles are proportional to the number of families as a rough estimate of diversity. The diagram is based on Benton, M. J. (2005) Vertebrate Palaeontology, Blackwell, 3rd edition, Fig 7.13 on page 185.]]