Editing Telerobotics (section)

===Space===
[[File: HERRO (Human Exploration using Real-time Robotic Operations).png|right|thumb| NASA HERRO (Human Exploration using Real-time Robotic Operations) telerobotic exploration concept<ref name="HERRO">{{cite web | first1=G.R.|last1=Schmidt|first2=G.A.|last2=Landis|first3=S.R.|last3=Oleson|url=http://telerobotics.gsfc.nasa.gov/papers/Schmidt2011.pdf|title=HERRO Missions to Mars and Venus Using Telerobotic Exploration from Orbit|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130513005633/http://telerobotics.gsfc.nasa.gov/papers/Schmidt2011.pdf |archive-date=13 May 2013| url-status=dead|access-date=15 November 2012}}; see also: {{cite web|first1=S.R.|last1=Oleson|first2=G.A.|last2=Landis|first3=M.|last3=McGuire|first4=G.R.|last4=Schmidt|url=http://telerobotics.gsfc.nasa.gov/papers/Oleson2012.pdf|title=HERRO Missions to Mars Using Telerobotic Surface Exploration from Orbit|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130217204051/http://telerobotics.gsfc.nasa.gov/papers/Oleson2012.pdf|archive-date=17 February 2013|work=Journal of the British Interplanetary Society|url-status=dead|year=2012}}, and [https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/20120002754.pdf HERRO] (accessed 15 November 2012)</ref>]]

With the exception of the [[Apollo program]], most [[space exploration]] has been conducted with telerobotic [[space probes]]. Most space-based [[astronomy]], for example, has been conducted with telerobotic [[telescopes]]. The Russian [[Lunokhod 1|Lunokhod-1 mission]], for example, put a remotely driven rover on the Moon, which was driven in real time (with a 2.5-second lightspeed time delay) by human operators on the ground. Robotic planetary exploration programs use spacecraft that are programmed by humans at ground stations, essentially achieving a long-time-delay form of telerobotic operation. Recent noteworthy examples include the [[Mars exploration rovers]] (MER) and the [[Curiosity rover|''Curiosity
]] rover. In the case of the MER mission, the spacecraft and the rover operated on stored programs, with the rover drivers on the ground programming each day's operation. The [[International Space Station]] (ISS) uses a two-armed telemanipulator called [[Dextre]]. More recently, a humanoid robot [[Robonaut]]<ref name="robonaut">{{cite web|url=http://robonaut.jsc.nasa.gov/default.asp|title=Robonaut home page|access-date=27 May 2011|publisher=Nasa}}</ref> has been added to the space station for telerobotic experiments.

NASA has proposed use of highly capable telerobotic systems<ref>Adam Mann, "[https://www.wired.com/wiredscience/2012/11/telerobotic-exploration/all/ Almost Being There: Why the Future of Space Exploration Is Not What You Think"], ''Wired'', 12 November 2012 (accessed 15 November 2012).</ref> for future planetary exploration using human exploration from orbit. In a concept for [[human mission to Mars#Crewed orbital missions|Mars Exploration]] proposed by [[Geoffrey A. Landis|Landis]], a precursor mission to [[Mars]] could be done in which the human vehicle brings a crew to Mars, but remains in orbit rather than landing on the surface, while a highly capable remote robot is operated in real time on the surface.<ref>G.A. Landis, "Teleoperation from Mars Orbit: A Proposal for Human Exploration", Acta Astronautica, Vol. 61, No. 1, pp 59-65; presented as paper IAC-04-IAA.3.7.2.05, 55th International Astronautical Federation Congress, Vancouver BC, 4–8 October 2004.</ref> Such a system would go beyond the simple long time delay robotics and move to a regime of virtual telepresence on the planet. One study of this concept, the Human Exploration using Real-time Robotic Operations (HERRO) concept, suggested that such a mission could be used to explore a wide variety of planetary destinations.<ref name="HERRO" />