Editing Temperance movement (section)

=== Promoting moderation (1820s–1830s) ===
[[File:Temperance song hand book.jpg|thumb|Songbook used at the Women's Temperance Organization from Wilkinsburg, Pennsylvania.]]
The [[temperance movement in the United States]] began at a national level in the 1820s, having been popularized by evangelical temperance reformers and among the middle classes.<ref name="chavigny" />{{rp|109}}<ref name="History.com" /><ref name="clean" />{{rp|38}}{{refn|group=note|Or, according to some scholars, in the 1790s.<ref name="Benowitz">{{cite encyclopedia|editor1-last=Benowitz|editor1-first=June Melby|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of American Women and Religion|edition=2nd|volume=2|date=2017|publisher=ABC-CLIO|title=Temperance Movement|isbn=978-1-4408-3987-0|page=590|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Jm8tDwAAQBAJ}}</ref>}} There was a concentration on advice against hard spirits rather than on abstinence from all alcohol, and on moral reform rather than legal measures against alcohol.<ref name="Fryer">{{cite book|first=Peter|last=Fryer|year=1965|title=Mrs Grundy: Studies in English Prudery|pages=141–4|publisher=Corgi}}</ref>{{refn|group=note|One example was [[Benjamin Rush]]'s 1784 pamphlet ''An Inquiry Into the Effects of Ardent Spirits Upon the Human Body and Mind'', which advocated total abstinence of distilled liquors.<ref name="Misiroglu" />}} An earlier temperance movement had begun during the [[American Revolution]] in Connecticut, Virginia and New York state, with farmers forming associations to ban whiskey distilling. The movement spread to eight states, advocating temperance rather than abstinence and taking positions on religious issues such as observance of the Sabbath.<ref name="blocker">{{cite book|last=Blocker|first=Jack S.|title=American Temperance Movements: Cycles of Reform|year=1989|publisher=Twayne Publishers}}</ref>

After the American Revolution there was a new emphasis on good citizenship for the new republic.<ref name="Benowitz" /> With the Evangelical Protestant religious revival of the 1820s and 1830s, called the [[Second Great Awakening]], social movements began aiming for a perfect society. This included [[abolitionism]] and temperance.<ref name="Benowitz" /><ref name="History.com" /><ref name="clean">{{cite book|last1=Engs|first1=Ruth Clifford|title=Clean Living Movements: American Cycles of Health Reform|date=2000|publisher=Praeger Publishers|location=Westport, CT|isbn=978-0-275-95994-4}}</ref>{{rp|23}} The Awakening brought with it an optimism about moral reform, achieved through volunteer organizations.<ref name="fahey">{{Citation|last1=Fahey|first1=David M.|title=Temperance And Racism: John Bull, Johnny Reb, and the Good Templars|date=2015|publisher=University Press of Kentucky|isbn=978-0-8131-6151-8|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xLIfBgAAQBAJ}}</ref>{{rp|6}} Although the temperance movement was nonsectarian in principle, the movement consisted mostly of church-goers.<ref name="Benowitz" />

The temperance movement promoted temperance and emphasized the moral, economical and medical effects of overindulgence.<ref name="Misiroglu">{{cite book|last1=Misiroglu|first1=Gina|title=American Countercultures: An Encyclopedia of Nonconformists, Alternative Lifestyles, and Radical Ideas in U.S. History|date=2015|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-317-47728-0|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iICsBwAAQBAJ|chapter=Temperance Movement}}</ref> Connecticut-born minister [[Lyman Beecher]] published a book in 1826 called ''Six Sermons on...Intemperance''. Beecher described inebriation as a "national sin" and suggested legislation to prohibit the sales of alcohol.<ref name="clean" />{{rp|24–25}} He believed that it was only possible for drinkers to reform in the early stages of addiction, because anyone in advanced stages of addiction, according to Beecher, had damaged their morality and could not be saved.<ref name="chavigny" />{{rp|110}} Early temperance reformers often viewed drunkards as warnings rather than as victims of a disease, leaving the state to take care of them and their conduct.<ref name="chavigny" />{{rp|110}} In the same year, the [[American Temperance Society]] (ATS) was formed in Boston, Massachusetts, within 12 years claiming more than 8,000 local groups and over 1,250,000 members.<ref name="woodworth">{{cite web |last1=Woodworth |first1=Jed |title=The Word of Wisdom |url=https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/manual/revelations-in-context/the-word-of-wisdom?lang=eng |website=Revelations in Context |publisher=The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints |access-date=28 June 2018}}</ref><ref name="cherrington">{{cite book |last1=Cherrington |first1=Ernest H. |title=The Evolution of Prohibition in the United States: A chronological history of the liquor problem and the temperance reform in the United States from the earliest settlements to the consummation of national prohibition |date=1920 |publisher=The American Issue Press |location=Westerville, Ohio |url=https://archive.org/details/evolutionofprohi00cheruoft}}</ref>{{rp|93}} Presbyterian preacher [[Charles Grandison Finney]] taught abstinence from [[ardent spirit]]s. In the Rochester, New York revival of 1831, individuals were required to sign a [[temperance pledge]] in order to receive salvation. Finney believed and taught that the body represented the "temple of God" and anything that harmed the "temple", including alcohol, must be avoided.<ref name="clean" />{{rp|24}} By 1833, several thousand groups similar to the ATS had been formed in most states. In some of these large communities, temperance almanacs were released which gave information about planting and harvesting as well as current information about temperance-related issues.<ref name="clean" />{{rp|39}}

Temperance societies were being organized in England about the same time, many inspired by a Belfast professor of theology, and Presbyterian Church of Ireland minister [[John Edgar (minister)|John Edgar]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://edgarfamily.angelfire.com/ministers.htm|title=Edgar Ministers in the Presbyterian Church in Ireland|access-date=June 11, 2012|author=John Edgar|author2=Samuel Edgar |author3=David M. Carson |author4=Richard Edgar |date=March 31, 2012}}</ref> who poured his stock of whiskey out of his window in 1829.{{Clarify|text=Was this in England or Ireland?|date=October 2023}} He mainly concentrated on the elimination of spirits rather than wine and beer.<ref name="Fryer" /><ref>{{cite book| last = Harrison| first = Brian| title = Drink & the Victorians, The Temperance Question in England 1815–1872| publisher = Faber and Faber| year = 1971}}</ref><ref>Weston, pp. 74–5.</ref> On August 14, 1829, he wrote a letter in the ''Belfast Telegraph'' publicizing his views on [[temperance (virtue)|temperance]]. He also formed the [[Ulster Temperance Movement]] with other Presbyterian clergy, initially enduring ridicule from members of his community.<ref>{{cite book|title=Evangelical Protestantism in Ulster society 1740–1890|first=David|last=Hempton|location=Myrtle Hill|year=1992}}</ref>

The 1830s saw a tremendous growth in temperance groups, not just in England and the United States, but also in British colonies, especially [[Temperance movement in New Zealand|New Zealand]]<ref name="autogenerated1966">{{cite encyclopedia|title=PROHIBITION: The Movement in New Zealand|url=http://www.teara.govt.nz/1966/P/Prohibition/TheMovementInNewZealand/en|encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of New Zealand|publisher=Manatū Taonga Ministry for Culture and Heritage|access-date=June 11, 2012|author=A. H. McLintock|date=April 22, 2009}}</ref> and [[Temperance movement in Australia|Australia]].<ref>{{cite web|last1=Carey|first1=Jane|title=The National Woman's Christian Temperance Union of Australia (1891- )|url=http://www.womenaustralia.info/biogs/AWE0993b.htm|website=The Australian Women's Register|publisher=Australian Women's Archives Project|access-date=May 16, 2018}}</ref> The [[Pequot]] writer and minister [[William Apess]] (1798–1839) established the first formal Native American temperance society among the [[Mashpee people|Maspee Indians]] on 11 October 1833.<ref>{{cite journal | url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/365039 | jstor=365039 | title=The Mashpee Indian Revolt of 1833 | last1=Nielsen | first1=Donald M. | journal=The New England Quarterly | year=1985 | volume=58 | issue=3 | pages=400–420 | doi=10.2307/365039 | url-access=subscription }}</ref>

Out of the religious revival and reform appeared [[the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints]] and [[Seventh-day Adventist Church|Seventh-day Adventism]], new Christian denominations that established criteria for healthy living as a part of their religious teachings, namely temperance.<ref name="clean" />{{rp|23}}

====The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints====
The [[Word of Wisdom (Latter Day Saints)|Word of Wisdom]] is a health code followed by the members of [[the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints]] and other Latter Day Saint denominations which advises how to maintain good health: what one should do and what one should abstain from. One of the most prominent items in the Word of Wisdom is the complete abstinence from alcohol.<ref name="ludlow">{{cite book|author1=Joseph Lynn Lyon|author-link1=Word of Wisdom|editor1-last=Ludlow|editor1-first=Daniel H.|title=Encyclopedia of Mormonism|date=1992|publisher=Macmillan|location=New York|isbn=978-0028796055|pages=1584–1585|edition=Vol. 4|url=http://contentdm.lib.byu.edu/digital/collection/EoM/id/4352|access-date=11 May 2018}}</ref> When the Word of Wisdom was written, the Latter Day Saints were residing in Kirtland, Ohio and the Kirtland Temperance Society was organized on October 6, 1830, with 239 members.<ref name="history">{{cite journal|last1=Shupe|first1=Paul|title=Indulging in Temperance: Prohibition and Political Activism in the RLDS Church|journal=Journal of Mormon History|date=1983|volume=10|pages=21–33|url=https://mormonhistoryassociation.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/Journal-of-Mormon-History-Vol.-10-1983.pdf|access-date=2018-06-13|archive-date=2018-06-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180613184206/https://mormonhistoryassociation.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/Journal-of-Mormon-History-Vol.-10-1983.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> According to some scholars, the Word of Wisdom was influenced by the temperance movement. In June 1830, the ''[[Millennial Harbinger]]'' quoted from a book "The Simplicity of Health", which strongly condemned the use of alcohol and tobacco, and the untempered consumption of meat, similar to the provisions in the Word of Wisdom revealed three years later. This gave publicity to the movement and Temperance Societies began to form.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Alexander |first1=Thomas G. |title=The Word of Wisdom: From Principle to Requirement |journal=Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought |date=Autumn 1981 |volume=14 |issue=3 |pages=85–86 |doi=10.2307/45224999 |jstor=45224999 |s2cid=33071385 |url=https://www.dialoguejournal.com/wp-content/uploads/sbi/issues/V14N03.pdf |access-date=13 June 2018}}</ref><ref name="eco">{{cite journal|last1=Arrington|first1=Leonard J.|title=An Economic Interpretation of the "Word of Wisdom"|journal=BYU Studies|pages=37–49|date=Winter 1959|volume=1|issue=1|url=https://byustudies.byu.edu/content/economic-interpretation-word-wisdom|access-date=11 May 2018}}</ref> On February 1, 1833, a few weeks before the Word of Wisdom was published, all distilleries in the Kirtland area were shut down.<ref name="history" /> During the early history of the Word of Wisdom, temperance and other items in the health code were seen more as wise recommendations than as commandments.<ref name="decade">{{cite journal |last1=Hoskisson |first1=Paul Y. |title=The Word of Wisdom in its First Decade |journal=Journal of Mormon History |date=Winter 2012 |volume=38 |issue=1 |pages=131–200 |doi=10.2307/23292682 |jstor=23292682|s2cid=254482814 }}</ref>{{rp|132}}

Although he advocated temperance, [[Joseph Smith]] did not preach complete abstinence from alcohol. According to Paul H. Peterson and Ronald W. Walker, Smith did not enforce abstinence from alcohol because he believed that it threatened individual choice and agency and that a requirement for the Latter Day Saints to comply would cause division in the church.<ref name="brigham">{{cite journal |last1=Walker |first1=Ronald W. |last2=Peterson |first2=Paul H. |title=Brigham Young's Word of Wisdom Legacy |journal=BYU Studies Quarterly |date=2003 |volume=42 |issue=3–4 |pages=29–64 |url=https://byustudies.byu.edu/content/brigham-youngs-word-wisdom-legacy}}</ref>{{rp|33}} In Harry M. Beardsley's book ''Joseph Smith and his Mormon Empire'', Beardsley argues that some Mormon historians attempted to portray Smith as a teetotaler, but according to the testimonies of his contemporaries, he often drank alcohol in his own home or the homes of his friends in Kirtland. In Nauvoo, Illinois, Smith was far less discreet with his drinking habits.<ref name="eco" /><ref name="beardsley">{{cite book |last1=Beardsley |first1=Harry M. |title=Joseph Smith and his Mormon Empire |date=1931 |publisher=The Riverside Press |location=Cambridge, Massachusetts |pages=160–161}}</ref> However, at the end of the 19th century, second president of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints [[Brigham Young]] said that the Saints could no longer justify disobeying the Word of Wisdom because of the way that it originally was presented.<ref>{{cite news |title=The Word of Wisdom|url=https://contentdm.lib.byu.edu/digital/collection/MStar/id/29019/rec/1 |access-date=20 June 2018 |work=The Latter Day Saints' Millennial Star |issue=47 |date=September 21, 1885}}</ref> In 1921, [[Heber J. Grant]], then president of the LDS church, officially called on the Latter-day Saints to strictly adhere to the Word of Wisdom, including complete abstinence from alcohol.<ref name="woodworth" />
[[File:1843 Christmas TremontTemple Boston.png|thumb|[[Cold Water Army (temperance organization)|Cold Water Army]] poster (1843)]]

====Millerites and Seventh-day Adventists====
William Miller, the founder of the Millerites, claimed that the Second Coming of Jesus Christ would be in 1843 and that anyone who drank alcohol would be unprepared for the Second Coming.<ref name="clean" />{{rp|29}} After the [[Great Disappointment]] in 1843, the Seventh-day Adventist denomination adopted health reforms inspired by influential church pioneers [[Ellen G. White]] and her husband, a preacher, [[James Springer White]], who did not use alcohol or tobacco.<ref name="clean" />{{rp|29}} Ellen preached healthful living to her followers, without specifying abstinence from alcohol, as most of her followers were temperance followers, and abstinence would have been implied.<ref name="clean" />{{rp|30}}