Editing Timeline of Jewish history (section)

== Talmudic period (70–640 CE) ==
{{See also|Rabbinic period|||||||}}
{{Eras of the Halakha}}

=== 2nd century ===
;115–117: [[Kitos War]] (Revolt against Trajan) – a second Jewish-Roman War initiated in large Jewish communities of Cyprus, Cyrene (modern Libya), Aegipta (modern Egypt) and Mesopotamia (modern Syria and Iraq). It led to mutual killing of hundreds of thousands Jews, Greeks and Romans, ending with a total defeat of Jewish rebels and complete extermination of Jews in Cyprus and Cyrene by the newly installed [[Emperor Hadrian]].

;131–136: The [[Roman emperor]] [[Hadrian]], among other provocations, renames Jerusalem "[[Aelia Capitolina]]" and prohibits circumcision. [[Simon bar Kokhba]] (Bar Kosiba) leads a large [[Bar Kokhba revolt|Jewish revolt]] against [[Roman Empire|Rome]] in response to Hadrian's actions. In the aftermath, most Jewish population is annihilated (about 580,000 killed) and Hadrian renames the province of Judea to [[Syria Palaestina]], and attempts to root out Judaism.

;136: [[Rabbi Akiva]] is martyred.

;138: With Emperor Hadrian's death, the persecution of Jews within the Roman Empire is eased and Jews are allowed to visit Jerusalem on [[Tisha B'av]]. In the following centuries the Jewish center moves to Galilee.

===3rd century===
;200: The [[Mishnah]], the standardization of the Jewish oral law as it stands today, is redacted by [[Judah haNasi]] in the land of Israel.

;259: [[Nehardea]] in Babylonia destroyed by the [[Palmyra|Palmyrenes]], which destruction caused the widespread dispersion of Jews in the region.<ref>''The Iggeres of Rav Sherira Gaon'' (ed. Nosson Dovid Rabinowich), Jerusalem 1988, p. 98</ref>

;220–500: Period of the ''[[Amoraim]]'', the [[rabbi]]s of the [[Talmud]].

===4th century===
;315–337: Roman Emperor [[Constantine I (emperor)|Constantine I]] enacts new restrictive legislation. Conversion of Christians to Judaism is outlawed, congregations for religious services are curtailed, but Jews are also allowed to enter Jerusalem on the anniversary of the Temple's destruction.

;351–352: [[Jewish revolt against Constantius Gallus]] is put down. [[Sepphoris]] is razed to the ground.

;358: Because of the increasing danger of Roman persecution, [[Hillel II]] creates a [[Hebrew calendar|mathematical calendar]] for calculating the Jewish month. After adopting the calendar, the [[Sanhedrin#The dissolution of the classical sanhedrin|Sanhedrin in Tiberias is dissolved]].

;361–363: The last [[Roman mythology|pagan]] Roman Emperor, [[Julian the Apostate|Julian]], allows the Jews to return to "holy Jerusalem which you have for many years longed to see rebuilt" and to rebuild the Second Temple. Shortly after, the Emperor is assassinated, and the plan is dissolved.

;363: [[Galilee earthquake of 363]]

;379: In [[India]], the [[Hindu]] king Sira Primal, also known as Iru Brahman, issued what was engraved on a tablet of brass, his permission to Jews to live freely, build [[synagogue]], own property ''without conditions attached'' and ''as long as the world and moon exist''.<ref>{{cite book|author=Israel Joseph Benjamin|title=Three Years in America, 1859–1862|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xQzuGncH1TgC&pg=PA59|year=1975|publisher=Arno Press|isbn=978-0-405-06693-1|pages=59–60}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author1=James Massey|author2=I.S.P.C.K. (Organization)|title=Roots of Dalit history, Christianity, theology, and spirituality|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GDNuAAAAMAAJ|year=1996|publisher=ISPCK|isbn=978-81-7214-034-2|page=28}}</ref>

===5th century===
;438: The Empress [[Licinia Eudoxia|Eudocia]] removes the ban on Jews' praying at the [[Temple Mount|Temple site]] and the heads of the Community in Galilee issue a call "to the great and mighty people of the Jews": "Know that the end of the exile of our people has come"!

;450: Redaction of the [[Jerusalem Talmud]]

===6th century===
;500–523: [[Dhu Nuwas|Yosef Dhu Nuwas]], King of [[Himyarite Kingdom]] (Modern Yemen) converting to Judaism, upgrading existing Yemenese Jewish center. His kingdom falls in a war against Axum and the Christians.

;550: The main redaction of [[Babylonian Talmud]] is completed under Rabbis [[Ravina II|Ravina]] and [[Rav Ashi|Ashi]]. To a lesser degree, the text continues to be modified for the next 200 years.

;550–700: Period of the ''[[Savoraim]]'', the sages in [[Achaemenid Empire|Persia]] who put the Talmud in its final form.

;555–572: The [[Samaritan Revolts#556 Samaritan revolt|Fourth Samaritan Revolt against Byzantium]] results in great reduction of the [[Samaritan]] community, their Israelite faith is outlawed. Neighbouring Jews, who mostly reside in Galilee, are also affected by the oppressive rule of the [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantines]].

===7th century===
;610–628: Jews of Galilee led by [[Benjamin of Tiberias]] gain [[Jewish revolt against Heraclius#Jewish Sassanid COmmonwealth|autonomy]] in Jerusalem after [[Jewish revolt against Heraclius|revolting against Heraclius]] as a joint military campaign with ally [[Sassanid Empire]] under [[Khosrau II]] and Jewish militias from Persia, but are subsequently massacred.

;612: [[Sisebut]], [[Visigothic Kingdom|king of the Visigoths]], forces his Jewish subjects to convert to [[Christianity]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Isidore of Seville | author-link=Isidore of Seville |title=History of the Goths, Vandals, and Suevi |publisher=E.J.Brill  |editor=Guido Donini |edition=2 |date=1970|location=Leiden |pages=27–28 |language=en }}</ref>

;7th century: The rise and domination of [[Islam]] among largely pagan Arabs in the [[Arabian Peninsula]] results in the almost complete removal and conversion of the [[History of the Jews in Muslim lands#Arabian Peninsula|ancient Jewish communities]] there, and [[Battle of Yarmouk|sack of Levant]] from the hands of Byzantines.