Editing Tool (section)

=== Machine tools ===
[[Machine tool]]s occasioned a surge in producing new tools in the [[Industrial Revolution]]. Pre-industrial machinery was built by various craftsmen{{mdash}}[[millwright]]s built water and windmills, [[carpenter]]s made wooden framing, and smiths and turners made metal parts. Wooden components had the disadvantage of changing dimensions with temperature and humidity, and the various joints tended to rack (work loose) over time.  As the Industrial Revolution progressed, machines with metal parts and frames became more common.<ref name=":4">{{Cite book |last=Rolt |first=L.T.C. |title=A Short History of Machine Tools |publisher=MIT Press |year=1965 |isbn=9780262180139}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite book |last=Allen |first=Robert C. |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/981387269 |title=The Industrial Revolution: a very short introduction |date=2017 |isbn=978-0-19-178545-0 |location=[Oxford] |oclc=981387269}}</ref>

Other important uses of metal parts were in firearms and threaded fasteners, such as machine screws, bolts, and nuts. There was also the need for precision in making parts.  Precision would allow better working machinery, interchangeability of parts, and standardization of threaded fasteners. The demand for metal parts led to the development of several [[machine tool]]s. They have their origins in the tools developed in the 18th century by makers of clocks and watches and scientific instrument makers to enable them to batch-produce small mechanisms. Before the advent of machine tools, metal was worked manually using the basic hand tools of hammers, files, scrapers, saws, and chisels. Consequently, the use of metal machine parts was kept to a minimum.  Hand methods of production were very laborious and costly and precision was difficult to achieve.<ref name="Hounshell-1984">{{Hounshell1984}}</ref><ref name="Roe1916">{{citation |last=Roe |first=Joseph Wickham |title=English and American Tool Builders |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X-EJAAAAIAAJ |year=1916 |location=New Haven, Connecticut |publisher=Yale University Press |lccn=16011753}} Reprinted by McGraw-Hill, New York and London, 1926 ({{LCCN|27024075}}); and by Lindsay Publications, Inc., Bradley, Illinois, ({{ISBN|978-0-917914-73-7}}).</ref> With their inherent precision, machine tools enabled the economical production of [[interchangeable parts]].<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5" /><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Kohlmaier |first1=Georg |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/27334646 |title=Houses of glass: a nineteenth-century building type |last2=von Santory |first2=Barna |date=1990 |publisher=MIT Press |isbn=0-262-61070-1 |edition=1st |location=Cambridge, Mass. |oclc=27334646}}</ref>

Examples of machine tools include:<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5" />

{{Div col|colwidth=27em}}
* [[Broach (metalwork)|Broaching machine]]
* [[Drill press]]
* [[Gear shaper]]
* [[Hobbing machine]]
* [[Honing (metalworking)|Hone]]
* [[Lathe (tool)|Lathe]]
* [[Screw machine (automatic lathe)|Screw machines]]
* [[Milling machine]]
* [[Shear (sheet metal)]]
* [[Shaper]]
* [[Bandsaw]]
* [[Planer (metalworking)|Planer]]
* [[Stewart platform]] mills
* [[Grinding machine]]s
{{Div col end}}Advocates of [[nanotechnology]] expect a similar surge as tools become microscopic in size.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Whelan |first=David |date=2012-10-25 |title=Nanotechnology: Big Potential In Tiny Particles - Forbes.com |url=http://www.forbes.com/2004/01/28/cx_dw_0129pollnanotechmidas04_xyz.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121025003855/http://www.forbes.com/2004/01/28/cx_dw_0129pollnanotechmidas04_xyz.html |archive-date=2012-10-25 |access-date=2021-01-27 |website=[[Forbes]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Arabe |first=Katrina C. |title=Will this Tiny Science Usher in the Next Industrial Revolution? |url=https://www.thomasnet.com/insights/imt/2004/03/16/will_this_tiny/?t=archive |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224030754/https://www.thomasnet.com/insights/imt/2004/03/16/will_this_tiny/?t=archive |archive-date=2021-02-24 |access-date=2021-01-27 |website=www.thomasnet.com}}</ref>