Editing Torvosaurus (section)

=== Distinguishing anatomical features ===
[[File:Torvosaurus gurneyi vertebra.png|thumb|upright|Caudal vertebra of ''T. gurneyi'']]

According to Carrano ''et al.'' (2012), ''Torvosaurus'' can be distinguished based on the following characteristics:<ref>Carrano, Benson and Sampson, 2012. The phylogeny of Tetanurae (Dinosauria: Theropoda). Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. 10(2), 211–300</ref>
* The presence of a very shallow [[maxilla]]ry [[fossa (anatomy)|fossa]] (it lacks a ''fenestra maxillaris'' piercing the bone wall)
* The presence of fused interdental plates
* The pneumatic fossae in the posterior dorsal and the anterior caudal vertebrae centra being expanded to form enlarged, deep openings
* The puboischiadic plate being highly ossified (the paired bony plates of both sides connect and close off the entire underside of the pelvis, a very basal trait that Galton & Jensen saw as an indication that Theropoda was [[Polyphyly|polyphyletic]], with Carnosauria having independently evolved from carnivorous [[Plateosauridae|Prosauropoda]])<ref name=galt79/>
* A distal expansion of the [[ischium]] shaft with a prominent lateral midline crest and an ovalur outline when examined in lateral view
* The cervical vertebrae are [[Vertebral column#Classification|opisthocoelous]] with a pronounced flat rim around the anterior ball (according to Rauhut, 2000)
* A transverse [[fenestra]] is situated in the neural arch of the dorsal vertebrae in front of the [[Hyposphene-hypantrum articulation|hyposphene]] (according to Rauhut, 2000)<ref>Rauhut, 2000. The interrelationships and evolution of basal theropods (Dinosauria, Saurischia). Ph.D. dissertation, Univ. Bristol [U.K.], 1–440.</ref>