Editing Transport Layer Security (section)

===Early research projects===

====Secure Data Network System====
{{Anchor|DNS}}
In August 1986, the National Security Agency, the National Bureau of Standards, the Defense Communications Agency launched a project, called the Secure Data Network System (SDNS), with the intent of designing the next generation of secure computer communications network and product specifications to be implemented for applications on public and private internets. It was intended to complement the rapidly emerging new OSI internet standards moving forward both in the U.S. government's GOSIP Profiles and in the huge ITU-ISO JTC1 internet effort internationally.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.circleid.com/posts/20190124_creating_tls_the_pioneering_role_of_ruth_nelson|title=Creating TLS: The Pioneering Role of Ruth Nelson|access-date=2020-07-04|archive-date=2020-06-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200624123447/http://www.circleid.com/posts/20190124_creating_tls_the_pioneering_role_of_ruth_nelson/|url-status=live}}</ref>

As part of the project, researchers designed a protocol called SP4 (''security protocol'' in layer 4 of the OSI system). This was later renamed the Transport Layer Security Protocol (TLSP) and subsequently published in 1995 as international standard ITU-T X.274|ISO/IEC 10736:1995.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.itu.int/rec/dologin_pub.asp?lang=e&id=T-REC-X.274-199407-I!!PDF-E&type=items|title=Information technology – Telecommunication and information exchange between systems – Transport layer security protocol|access-date=2025-05-03|archive-date=2025-05-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250503170309/https://www.itu.int/rec/dologin_pub.asp?lang=e&id=T-REC-X.274-199407-I!!PDF-E&type=items|url-status=live}}</ref> Despite the name similarity, this is distinct from today's TLS.

===={{Anchor|SNP}}Secure Network Programming (SNP)====
Other efforts towards transport layer security included the [[Secure Network Programming]] (SNP) [[application programming interface]] (API), which in 1993 explored the approach of having a secure transport layer API closely resembling [[Berkeley sockets]], to facilitate retrofitting pre-existing network applications with security measures. SNP was published and presented in the 1994 [[USENIX]] Summer Technical Conference.<ref name="Woo94">{{cite conference |first1=Thomas Y. C. |last1=Woo |first2=Raghuram |last2=Bindignavle |first3=Shaowen |last3=Su |first4=Simon S. |last4=Lam |author-link4=Simon S. Lam |url=http://www.cs.utexas.edu/users/lam/Vita/Cpapers/WBSL94.pdf |title=SNP: An interface for secure network programming |conference=Proceedings USENIX Summer Technical Conference |date=June 1994 |access-date=2023-07-05 |archive-date=2014-12-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141212000043/http://www.cs.utexas.edu/users/lam/Vita/Cpapers/WBSL94.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.usenix.org/legacy/publications/library/proceedings/bos94/ |title=1994 USENIX Summer Technical Conference Program, Boston, 6–10 June 1994 |access-date=21 January 2024 |archive-date=6 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231006204601/https://www.usenix.org/legacy/publications/library/proceedings/bos94/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The SNP project was funded by a grant from [[National Security Agency|NSA]] to Professor [[Simon Lam]] at [[University of Texas at Austin|UT-Austin]] in 1991.<ref>[[Simon S. Lam]] (PI/PD), "Applying a Theory of Modules and Interfaces to Security Verification," NSA INFOSEC University Research Program grant no. MDA 904-91-C-7046, 6/28/91 to 6/27/93.</ref> [[Secure Network Programming]] won the 2004 [[ACM Software System Award]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://awards.acm.org/award_winners/lam_1287606.cfm|title=2004 ACM Software System Award citation|publisher=[[Association for Computing Machinery|ACM]]|access-date=25 July 2012|archive-date=17 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130617014921/http://awards.acm.org/award_winners/lam_1287606.cfm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cs.utexas.edu/~lam/Awards/SoftwareSystemAward/ACM%20Press%20Release,%20March%2015,%202005.htm|title=ACM Press Release, March 15, 2005|publisher=[[Association for Computing Machinery|ACM]]|access-date=25 July 2012|archive-date=10 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160110063723/http://www.cs.utexas.edu/~lam/Awards/SoftwareSystemAward/ACM%20Press%20Release,%20March%2015,%202005.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>  Simon Lam was inducted into the [[Internet Hall of Fame]] for "inventing secure sockets and implementing the first secure sockets layer, named SNP, in 1993."<ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.internethalloffame.org/inductee/simon-s-lam| title=Internet Hall of Fame inductee Simon S. Lam| access-date=3 Mar 2024| archive-date=6 February 2024| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240206211215/https://www.internethalloffame.org/inductee/simon-s-lam/| url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://cns.utexas.edu/news/accolades/computer-scientist-inducted-internet-hall-fame|title=Computer Scientist Inducted into Internet Hall of Fame|access-date=3 Mar 2024|archive-date=8 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240308192655/https://cns.utexas.edu/news/accolades/computer-scientist-inducted-internet-hall-fame|url-status=live}}</ref>