Editing Triple oppression (section)

=== Double Jeopardy by Frances Beal ===
Frances Beal introduced the term "double jeopardy" in her 1969 pamphlet, [[Double Jeopardy: To Be Black and Female]]. The term was coined to capture the unique dual oppressions faced by Black women, who were marginalized not only by racism but also by sexism. She argued that this dual oppression could not be fully understood by examining either race or gender alone. Instead, the intersection of these two identities created a distinct form of discrimination that mainstream feminist and civil rights movements overlooked.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |title=Frances M. Beal, Black Women's Manifesto; Double Jeopardy: To Be Black and Female |url=http://www.hartford-hwp.com/archives/45a/196.html |access-date=2024-11-01 |website=www.hartford-hwp.com}}</ref>

While the primary focus of Beal's work is on the dual perspectives of oppression of racism and sexism, she also highlights that economic factors are crucial for understanding the overall impact of double jeopardy. She critiques capitalism, reproductive rights, and political socialization, as they exacerbate the challenges faced by Black women in various aspects of their lives, including employment, income, and access to resources.<ref name=":6" />

==== Multiple Jeopardy: Beyond Double Jeopardy ====
According to Deborah K. King, racism, sexism, and classism are widely accepted as the major facets of the status of black women. King believes that double jeopardy and triple jeopardy do not fully explain the relationship between the different oppressions faced by black women.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=King |first=Deborah K. |year=1988 |title=Multiple Jeopardy, Multiple Consciousness: The Context of a Black Feminist Ideology |journal=Signs |volume=14 |issue=1 |pages=42–47 |doi=10.1086/494491 |jstor=3174661 |s2cid=143446946}}</ref> Thus, King coined the term "multiple jeopardy" in "Multiple Jeopardy, Multiple Consciousness: The Context of a Black Feminist Ideology." This concept addresses the limitations of double or triple jeopardy models, which view different forms of prejudice as additive. Instead, multiple jeopardy suggests that these prejudices are interdependent and have a multiplicative effect. As such, King believes that different oppressions interact with each other rather than acting independently.<ref name=":2" />

King's theory of multiple jeopardy further expands this discussion by highlighting the interconnectedness of various forms of oppression, emphasizing the [[matrix of domination]]. By acknowledging the multiple consequences of homophobia and heterosexism for LGBTQ+ individuals, King's framework provides a deeper understanding of how these overlapping oppressions shape the experiences of marginalized groups.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ward |first=Jane |date=2004 |title="Not all Differences are Created Equal": Multiple Jeopardy in a Gendered Organization |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0891243203259503 |journal=Gender & Society |language=en |volume=18 |issue=1 |pages=82–102 |doi=10.1177/0891243203259503 |issn=0891-2432|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

==== Critiquing Double and Multiple Jeopardy ====
[[Jim Sidanius]] and colleagues have pointed out that while it is true that subordinate group women (e.g. black women) do experience both racism and sexism, racism tends to be primarily directed at subordinate group males (e.g. black men) and that the empirical evidence supports the idea that the worst outcomes are generally found in subordinate group males, not females as predicted by the double jeopardy hypothesis.<ref>{{Cite book |last= |first= |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/e/9781135662011/chapters/10.4324%2F9781410605634-8 |title=Reducing prejudice and discrimination |publisher=Lawrence Erlbaum Associates |year=2000 |editor-last=Oskamp |editor-first=Stuart |pages=47–69 – Chapter 3: Gender and Race Discrimination: The Interactive Nature of Disadvantage |doi=10.4324/9781410605634-8}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Navarrete|first1=Carlos David|last2=McDonald|first2=Melissa M.|last3=Molina|first3=Ludwin E.|last4=Sidanius|first4=Jim|date=2010|title=Prejudice at the nexus of race and gender: An outgroup male target hypothesis.|journal=Journal of Personality and Social Psychology|language=en|volume=98|issue=6|pages=933–945|doi=10.1037/a0017931|pmid=20515248|s2cid=3193318|issn=1939-1315|url=http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:33430987 }}</ref>