Editing Tropical forest (section)

==Threats==
{{see|Deforestation of tropical rainforests}}
[[File: Logging Bulletwood Berbice-Guyana JK.JPG|thumb|Guyaneese log "bulletwood" near the [[Berbice River]], Guyana]]
A number of tropical forests have been designated [[High-Biodiversity Wilderness Area]]s, but remain subject to a wide range of disturbances, including more localized pressures such as habitat loss and degradation and anthropogenic [[climate change]]. 

Studies have also shown that ongoing climate change is increasing the frequency and intensity of some climate extremes (e.g. droughts, heatwaves and hurricanes) which, in combination with other local human disturbances, are driving unprecedented negative ecological consequences for tropical forests around the world.<ref>{{Cite journal |doi = 10.1098/rstb.2019.0116|title = Climatic and local stressor interactions threaten tropical forests and coral reefs |journal = Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B|volume = 375|pages = 20190116|year = 2020|last1 = França |first1 = FM|last2 = Benkwitt |first2 = CE|last3 = Peralta |first3 = G |last4 = Robinson |first4 = JPW|last5 = Graham|first5 =  NAJ |last6 = Tylianakis |first6 = JM|last7 = Berenguer |first7 = E |last8 = Lees |first8 = AC|last9 = Ferreira |first9 = J|last10 = Louzada |first10 = J |last11 = Barlow |first11 = J|issue = 1794 |pmid = 31983328 |pmc = 7017775 }}</ref> All tropical forests have experienced at least some levels of disturbance.<ref>[[Robin Chazdon|Robin L. Chazdon]] 2003 "Tropical forest recovery: legacies of human impact and natural disturbances" Perspectives in Plant Ecology, Evolution and Systematics 6/1,2, pp. 51–71</ref> 

Current deforestation in the biodiversity hotspots of North of South America, sub-Saharan Africa, South-East Asia and the Pacific, can be attributed to export of commodities such as: beef, soy, coffee, cacao, [[palm oil]], and timber; there is a requirement for "strong transnational efforts ... by improving supply chain transparency [and] public–private engagement".<ref>{{cite journal | url=https://doi.org/10.1038/s41559-021-01417-z | doi=10.1038/s41559-021-01417-z | title=Mapping the deforestation footprint of nations reveals growing threat to tropical forests | year=2021 | last1=Hoang | first1=Nguyen Tien | last2=Kanemoto | first2=Keiichiro | journal=Nature Ecology & Evolution | volume=5 | issue=6 | pages=845–853 | pmid=33782576 | bibcode=2021NatEE...5..845H | s2cid=232420306 }}</ref>

A study in [[Borneo]] describes how, between 1973 and 2018, the [[old-growth forest]] had been reduced from 76% to 50% of the island, mostly due to fire and [[agricultural expansion]].<ref>[http://www.cifor.org/publications/pdf_files/factsheet/6552-factsheet.pdf Gaveau DLA (2016) ''What a difference 4 decades make: Deforestation in Borneo since 1973'' CIFOR (retrieved 29 October 2017)]</ref>  A widely-held view is that placing a value on the [[ecosystem services]] these forests provide may bring about more sustainable policies.  However, clear monitoring and evaluation mechanisms for environmental, social and economic outcomes are needed. 

For example, a study in Vietnam indicated that poor and inconsistent data combined with a lack of human resources and political interest (thus lack of financial support) are hampering efforts to improve forest land allocation and a Payments for Forest Environmental Services scheme.<ref>[http://www.cifor.org/publications/pdf_files/OccPapers/OP-155.pdf Pham TT, Le ND, Vu TP, Nguyen HT, Nguyen VT (2016) ''Forest land allocation and payments for forest environmental services in four northwestern provinces of Vietnam: From policy to practice'' CIFOR (retrieved 29 October 2017)]</ref>