Editing Tropospheric scatter (section)

== Tropospheric scatter communications networks ==

The tropospheric scatter phenomenon has been used to build both civilian and military communication links in a number of parts of the world, including:
;[[Allied Command Europe Highband]] (ACE High), {{flag|NATO}}
:[[NATO]] military [[radiocommunication]] and [[early warning]] system throughout Europe from the Norwegian-Soviet border to the Turkish-Soviet border.

;[[BT Group|BT]] (British Telecom), {{flag|UK}}
:United Kingdom - [[Shetland]] to [[Mormond Hill]]

;[[Fernmeldeturm Berlin]], {{flag|West Germany}}
:Torfhaus-Berlin, Clenze-Berlin at Cold War times

;[[Portugal Telecom]], {{flag|Portugal}}
:Serra de Nogueira (northeastern Portugal) to [[Artzamendi]] (southwestern France)

;[[CNCP Telecommunications]], {{flag|Canada}}
:[[Tsiigehtchic]] to Galena Hill, Keno City
:[[Hay River, Northwest Territories|Hay River]] - [[Port Radium]] - [[Lady Franklin Point]]

;{{flag|Cuba}} - {{flag|Florida}}
:[[Guanabo]] to [[Florida City]]

;Project Offices - [[AT&T Corporation]], {{flagu|United States}}
:{{Main|Project Offices}}
:'''Project Offices''' is the name sometimes used to refer to several structurally dependable facilities maintained by the AT{{&}}T Corporation in the [[Mid-Atlantic (United States)|Mid-Atlantic states]] since the mid-{{century|1960}}th century to house an ongoing, non-public, company project. AT&T began constructing Project Offices in the {{DECADE|1960}}. Since the inception of the Project Offices program, the company has chosen not to disclose the exact nature of business conducted at Project Offices. However, it has described them as ''central facilities''.<ref name = "co">{{cite news | last1 = Price | first1 = Jay | date = 2008-08-10 | title = Mysterious Cold War bunker closes | url = https://www.charlotteobserver.com/living/home-garden/article8999099.html | url-status = live | department = Home & Garden | work = [[The Charlotte Observer]] | language = en-us | issn = 2331-7221 | oclc = 9554626 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20201006205249/https://www.charlotteobserver.com/living/home-garden/article8999099.html | archive-date = 2020-10-06 | access-date = 2021-07-15 | url-access = limited | quote = Although AT{{&}}T had dozens of similar communications bunkers across the country, the one in Chatham was part of a heavily armored and heavily guarded group of just five that went by the deceptively bland name of "Project Offices," said Albert LaFrance, who runs two websites dedicated to Cold War infrastructure. Unlike the more common AT{{&}}T communications bunkers, the Project Offices were apparently designed to shelter high-level government and military officials as part of a plan to preserve at least a skeletal national government in the event of a nuclear attack, LaFrance said. These “Continuance of Government” facilities would need communications capability, but communications wasn't their main mission, he said. | df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref name="indy">{{cite news|last1=Elliston|first1=Jon|title=Big Hole, Deep Secret|url=http://www.indyweek.com/indyweek/big-hole-deep-secret/Content?oid=1182760|access-date=March 8, 2017|work=[[Indy Week]]|date=December 13, 2000}}</ref><ref>[http://coldwar-c4i.net/ATT_Project/index.html coldwar-c4i.net]</ref>
::*[[Pittsboro, North Carolina]]<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20051230102029/http://indyweek.com/durham/2000-12-13/triangles.html indyweek.com (Archived copy)]</ref>
::*[[Buckingham, Virginia]]<ref>[http://coldwar-c4i.net/ATT_Project/Buckingham/index.html coldwar-c4i.net]</ref>
::*[[Charlottesville, Virginia]]
::*[[Leesburg, Virginia]]
::*[[Hagerstown, Maryland]]

;Texas Towers - Air defence radars, {{flag|United States Air Force}}
{{Main|Texas Towers}}

:The '''Texas Towers''' were a set of three [[radar]] facilities off the eastern seaboard of the United States which were used for surveillance by the [[United States Air Force]] during the [[Cold War]]. Modeled on the [[offshore oil drilling platform]]s first employed off the [[Texas]] coast, they were in operation from 1958 to 1963.

:{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: left; height: 100px;"
|-
!Tower ID
!Location
!Staffing unit
!Mainland station
!Notes
|-
| TT-1
| Cashes Ledge off [[New Hampshire]] coast<br>{{Coord|42|53|N|68|57|W |type:landmark_region:US_scale:25000 |display=inline}}
|
|
|Not built
|-
| [[Texas Tower 2|TT-2]]
| [[Georges Bank]] off [[Cape Cod]]<br/>{{Coord|41|45|0.00|N|67|46|0.00|W|scale:25000_region:US|display=inline}}
| [[762d Radar Squadron]]
| [[North Truro Air Force Station]]
|decommissioned 1963
|-
| [[Texas Tower 3|TT-3]]
| [[Nantucket Shoals]]<br/>{{Coord|40|45|00.00|N|69|19|0.00|W|scale:25000_region:US|display=inline}}
| [[773d Radar Squadron]]
| [[Montauk AFS]]
|decommissioned 1963
|-
| [[Texas Tower 4|TT-4]]
| off [[Long Beach Island, New Jersey]]<br/>{{Coord|39|48|N|72|40|W |dim:150km_region:US|display=inline }}
| [[646th Radar Squadron]]
| [[Highlands Air Force Station]]
| collapsed (1961)
|-
| [[Texas Tower 5|TT-5]]
| Browns Bank south of [[Nova Scotia]]<br/>{{Coord|42|47|N|65|37|W |type:landmark_region:CA_dim:250000 |display=inline}}
| 
| 
| Not built
|}

;[[Mid Canada Line]], {{flagu|Canada}}
:A series of five stations (070, 060, 050, 415, 410) in  [[Ontario]] and [[Quebec]] around the lower [[Hudson Bay]]. A series of six stations were built in Labrador and Quebec between Goose Bay and Sept-Îles between 1957 and 1958.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://campingcdn.blogspot.com/2014/03/1958-bell-quebec-labrador-troposcatter.html | title=Camping Canadian: 1958 Bell Quebec-Labrador Troposcatter Network | date=27 September 2014 }}</ref>

;[[Pinetree Line]], [[Pole Vault (communications system)|Pole Vault]], {{flagu|Canada}}
:[[Pole Vault (communications system)|Pole Vault]] was series of fourteen stations providing communications for Eastern seaboard radar stations of the US/Canadian Pinetree line, running from N-31 [[Iqaluit Airport|Frobisher Bay]], [[Baffin Island]] to N-22 [[Red Cliff Air Station|St. John's, Newfoundland]].

;[[White Alice]]/[[DEW Line]]/[[DEW]] Training ([[Cold War]] era), {{flagu|United States}}/{{flagu|Canada}}
:A former military and civil communications network with eighty stations stretching up the western seaboard from [[Port Hardy]], [[Vancouver Island]] north to [[Barter Island]] (BAR), west to [[Shemya, Alaska]] (SYA) in the [[Aleutian Islands]] (just a few hundred miles from the [[Soviet Union]]) and east across arctic Canada to [[Greenland]]. Note that not all station were troposcatter, but many were. It also included a training facility for White Alice/DEW line tropo-scatter network located between [[Pecatonica, Illinois]], and [[Streator, Illinois]].

;[[DEW Line]] (Post [[Cold War]] era), {{flagu|United States}}/{{flagu|Canada}}
:Several tropo-scatter networks providing communications for the extensive air-defence radar chain in the far north of Canada and the US.

;[[North Atlantic Radio System|North Atlantic Radio System (NARS)]], {{flag|NATO}}
:NATO air-defence network stretching from [[RAF Fylingdales]], via [[Mormond Hill|Mormond Hill, UK]], [[Sornfelli]] ([[Faroe Islands]]), [[Hofn Air Station|Höfn, Iceland]] to [[Rockville Air Station (Iceland)|Keflavik DYE-5, Rockville]].

;European Tropospheric Scatter - Army (ET-A), {{flag|United States Army}}
:A US Army network from [[RAF Fylingdales]] to a network in Germany and a single station in France ([[Maison Fort]]). The network became active on 1966.<ref name="ET-A">{{cite web |url=http://www.usarmygermany.com/Sont.htm?http&&&www.usarmygermany.com/units/signal/USAREUR_SignalCorps%20ETA.htm |title=European Tropospheric Scatter - Army |last= Elkins |first= Walter |website= USARMYGERMANY.com |language= en-us |access-date= 2021-07-15 |quote= A major segment of the Department of Defense communications network in Europe was activated July 19 (1966). The new system went into operation as part of the ET-A ( European Tropo-Army ) network that spans a number of nations in Western Europe. The system ties in communications from Leghorn, Italy, through the Italian Alps to Bremerhaven, Germany, and from Heidelberg to within a few miles of Paris, adding more than 1,200 channel miles to the US Army Strategic Communications Command’s world-wide communications complex. | df = dmy-all}}</ref>

;486L Mediterranean Communications System (MEDCOM), {{flag|United States Air Force}}
: A network covering the European coast of the Mediterranean Sea from [[San Pablo airport|San Pablo]], Spain, in the west to [[Incirlik Air Base]], [[Turkey]] in the East, with headquarters at [[RAF Ringstead|Ringstead]] in [[Dorset]], England. Commissioned by the US Air Force in {{YEAR|1966}}.<ref name="USARMYGERMANY.com">{{cite web |url=https://www.usarmygermany.com/Sont.htm?https&&&www.usarmygermany.com/units/USAFE%20Units/USAREUR_HqUSAFE%201.htm |title=Air Force Communications in Europe |last= Elkins |first= Walter |website= USARMYGERMANY.com |language= en-us |access-date= 2021-07-15 | df = dmy-all}}</ref>{{rp|page=Spanish Communications Region|quote=The 486L Mediterranean Communications System (MEDCOM) was commissioned by the US Air Force in ceremonies at Martina Franca, Italy on Oct 5 1966. The communications system, spanning the Mediterranean from Spain to the Near East, is a 100-site network with sites in Spain, Sardenia, Sicily, Italy, Greece, Crete and Turkey. The system was built by the System Command's Electronic Systems Division for the European-African-Middle Eastern Communications Area (EAME) of AFCS.}}

;[[Royal Air Force]], {{flag|UK}}
:Communications to [[British Forces Germany]], running from [[Swingate, Kent]] to [[Lammersdorf]] in Germany.

;[[:de:Troposphären-Nachrichtensystem Bars|Troposphären-Nachrichtensystem Bars]], [[Warsaw Pact]]  [[File:Bars_a.jpg|thumb|right|BARS tropo-scatter network map]]
:A Warsaw Pact tropo-scatter network stretching from near [[Rostock]] in the [[East Germany|DDR]] (Deutsches Demokratisches Republik), [[Czechoslovakia]], Hungary, Poland, [[Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic|Byelorussia]] USSR, [[Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic|Ukraine]] USSR and [[Bulgaria]].

;TRRL SEVER, {{flag|USSR}}
:A Soviet network stretching across the [[USSR]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Soviet System of Tropospheric Communication TRRL Sever |url=https://www.trrlsever.org/index.html |access-date=6 May 2023}}</ref><ref name="Sever_TRRL">{{cite web | url = https://rusue.com/a-dead-dragon-or-the-remains-of-sever-trrl/ | title = A dead Dragon, or the remains of Sever TRRL | last = | first = | date = n.d. | website = Russian Urban Exploration | language = en | access-date = | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210304061325/https://rusue.com/a-dead-dragon-or-the-remains-of-sever-trrl/ | archive-date = 2021-03-04 | quote = Sever tropospheric-scatter radio relay line (TRRL Sever) is a former Soviet communications line system designed for establishing communication with the remote regions of the country. The line was 13200 km (8200 miles) long and consisted of 46 tropospheric radio relay stations (TRRS) located mostly along the coasts of the Arctic and the Pacific oceans and major Siberian rivers: the Ob, the Enisey and the Lena. | df = dmy-all}}</ref>

;{{flagu|India}} - {{flag|USSR}} [[File:Troposcatter link stamp of India-1982.jpg|thumb|right|India-USSR troposcatter UHF link on a 1982 stamp of India]]
:A single section from [[Srinigar]], [[Kashmir]], India to [[Dangara]], [[Tajikistan]], USSR.

;[[Indian Air Force]], {{flagu|India}}
:Part of an Air Defence Network covering major air bases, radar installations and missile sites in Northern and central India. The network is being phased out to be replaced with more modern fiber-optic based communication systems.<ref>[https://www.ifsecglobal.com/afnet-to-herald-network-centric-operations-in-iaf/ AF Net ]</ref>

;Peace Ruby, Spellout, Peace Net, {{flag|Iran|1970|name=Imperial State of Iran}}
:An air-defence network set up by the United States prior to the [[Iranian revolution|1979 Islamic Revolution]]. ''Spellout'' built a radar and communications network in the north of Iran. ''Peace{{nbsp}}Ruby'' built another air-defence network in the south and ''Peace{{nbsp}}Net'' integrated the two networks.<ref name="IIAF">{{cite web | url = http://iiaf.net/history/airdefense.html | title = Air Defense Command And Radars | website = Imperial Iranian Air Force | access-date = 2021-05-15 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120315193038/http://iiaf.net/history/airdefense.html | archive-date = 2012-03-15 | url-status = live | df = dmy-all }}</ref><ref name="ExReps">{{cite web | last1 = Clark | first1 = Jay | last2 = Salute | first2 = Joe | url = http://www.exreps.com/Photos/PeaceRuby/index.shtml | title = The Philco-Ford Peace Ruby Project | website = exreps.com | access-date = 2021-05-15 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120315193038/http://www.exreps.com/Photos/PeaceRuby/index.shtml | archive-date = 2012-03-15 | quote = The Peace Ruby program added AC&W radar sites and communications to the south of Iran, it supplemented the Spellout system to the north which provided radar coverage along the Russian boarder from Mashad to Tabriz. A later project, Peace Net, fully integreted these two systems into a state of the art air control and  defense system. | df = dmy-all }}</ref>

;{{flag|Bahrain}} - {{flag|UAE}}
:A tropo-scatter system linking [[Al Manamah]], [[Bahrain]] to [[Dubai]], [[United Arab Emirates]].

;[[Royal Air Force of Oman]], {{flag|Oman}}
:A tropo-scatter communications system providing military comms to the former SOAF - Sultan of Oman's Air Force, (now RAFO - Royal Air Force of Oman), across the [[Sultanate of Oman]].

;[[Royal Saudi Air Force]], {{flag|Saudi Arabia}}
:A Royal Saudi Air Force tropo-scatter network linking major airbases and population centres in [[Saudi Arabia]].

;[[Yemen]], {{flag|Yemen}}
:A single system linking [[Sana'a]] with [[Sa'dah]].

;BACK PORCH and Integrated Wideband Communications System (IWCS), {{flagu|United States}}
:Two networks run by the United States linking military bases in [[Thailand]] and [[South Vietnam]]. Stations were located at [[Bangkok]], [[Ubon Royal Thai Air Force Base]], [[Pleiku]], [[Nha Trang]], Vung Chua mountain ({{Coord|13.742|N|109.196|E|display=inline}}) [[Quy Nhon]], [[Monkey Mountain Facility]] [[Da Nang]], [[Phu Bai Combat Base]], Pr Line ({{Coord|11.868|N|108.547|E|display=inline}}) near [[Da Lat]], Hon Cong mountain [[An Khê]], Phu Lam ({{Coord|10.752|N|106.627|E|display=inline}}) [[Saigon]], VC Hill ({{Coord|10.36|N|107.068|E|display=inline}}) [[Vũng Tàu]] and [[Cần Thơ]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Rienzi|first=Thomas|title=Vietnam Studies Communications-Electronics 1962-1970|publisher=Department of the Army|year=1972|url=https://history.army.mil/html/books/090/90-9-1/index.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150908103743/http://www.history.army.mil/html/books/090/90-9-1/index.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=September 8, 2015|page=14}}</ref>

;Phil-Tai-Oki, {{flag|Taiwan}}
:A system linking the [[Taiwan]] with the [[Philippines]] and [[Okinawa Prefecture|Okinawa]].<ref name="Farrow_1981">{{cite tech report | last1 = Farrow | first1 = J. E. | author-link1 = | last2 = Hause | first2 = L. G. | author-link2 = | date = 1981-01-01 | chapter = 3.3 Aspects of Equipment Covered | script-chapter = | trans-chapter = | chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=HSCT9S9MioAC&pg=PA29 | chapter-format = | title = Recommendations for Digital Radio Common Tactical/Long-Haul Standards | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=HSCT9S9MioAC | url-status = | url-access = | format = | type = | series = | language = en-us | volume = 60 | edition = | institution = [[United States Department of Commerce]] | page=29 | asin = B003HGFY0K | oclc = 605998563 | ol = OL14852853M | number = NTIA Report 81-74 | access-date = 2021-07-15 | via = [[Google Books]] | quote = Failures of the antenna, antenna mounts, or transmission lines have been observed to contribute a major portion of system unavailability. Such outages have been observed on the Scope Com system in Germany, the ETA system in Germany, the Phil-Tai-Oki system in Taiwan and most recently, on the DEB Phase I in Italy. | df = dmy-all}}</ref>

; [[Cable & Wireless plc|Cable & Wireless]] Caribbean network
:A troposcatter link was established by Cable & Wireless in 1960, linking Barbados with Port of Spain, Trinidad. The network was extended further south to Georgetown, Guyana in 1965.<ref name="CableAndWireless">{{cite web | url = https://www.bajanthings.com/cable-and-wireless-in-barbados/ | url-access = | title = Cable & Wireless in Barbados | last1 = Burton | first1 = William | date = 2016-09-19 | website = BajanThings | language = en | access-date = 2021-07-15 | url-status = live | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210418112706/https://www.bajanthings.com/cable-and-wireless-in-barbados/ | archive-date = 2021-04-18 | quote = 1960 – Tropospheric scatter radio link established between Barbados and Trinidad. 1965 – Tropospheric scatter system extended south to Guyana via Trinidad and North to Tortola via St. Lucia and Antigua. | df = dmy-all}}</ref><ref>[http://www.ipernity.com/doc/777361/48870628 Stamp of Guyana] (1968)</ref>
 
;Japanese Troposcatter Networks, {{flagu|Japan}}
:Two networks linking Japanese islands from North to South.