Editing Truth-conditional semantics (section)

===Refutation from deficiency===
[[Michael Dummett]] (1975) has objected to Davidson's program on the grounds that such a theory of meaning will not explain what it is a speaker has to know in order for them to understand a sentence. Dummett believes a speaker must know three components of a sentence to understand its meaning: a theory of [[Sense and reference|sense]], indicating the part of the meaning that the speaker grasps; a theory of [[Sense and reference|reference]], which indicates what claims about the world are made by the sentence, and a theory of force, which indicates what kind of [[speech act]] the expression performs. Dummett further argues that a theory based on inference, such as [[proof-theoretic semantics]], provides a better foundation for this model than truth-conditional semantics does.