Editing Turkish Cypriots (section)

===British Cyprus===
[[File:Cypriot (Turkish) Muslim woman 1878.jpg|thumb|right|220px|upright|A Cypriot woman in traditional Turkish fashion, 1878]]

By 1878, during the [[Congress of Berlin]], under the terms of the Anglo-Ottoman [[Cyprus Convention]], the Ottoman Turks had agreed to assign Cyprus to [[United Kingdom|Britain]] to occupy and rule, though not to possess as [[sovereign territory]].<ref name="Nevzat & Hatay 2009 loc=916">{{Harvnb|Nevzat|Hatay|2009|loc=916}}.</ref> According to the first British census of Cyprus, in 1881, 95% of the island's Muslims spoke Turkish as their mother tongue.<ref name="Percival 1948 loc=25">{{Harvnb|Percival|1948|loc=25}}.</ref> As of the 1920s, the percentage of [[Greek language|Greek]]-speaking Muslims had dropped from 5%, in 1881, to just under 2% of the total Muslim population.<ref name="Percival 1948 loc=9-11">{{Harvnb|Percival|1948|loc=9-11}}.</ref> During the opening years of the twentieth century [[Ottomanism]] became an ever more popular identity held by the Cypriot Muslim intelligentsia, especially in the wake of the [[Young Turk Revolution]] of 1908. Increasing numbers of [[Young Turks]] who had turned against Sultan [[Abdul Hamid II]] sought refuge in Cyprus. A rising class of disgruntled intellectuals in the island's main urban centres gradually began to warm to the ideas of positivism, freedom and modernization.<ref name="Kızılyürek 2006 loc=317">{{Harvnb|Kızılyürek|2006|loc=317}}.</ref> Spurred on by the rising calls for "[[enosis]]", the union with [[Greece]], emanating from [[Greek Cypriots]], an initially hesitant "Turkism" was also starting to appear in certain newspaper articles and to be heard in the political debates of the local intelligentsia of Cyprus.<ref name="Nevzat 2005 loc=224">{{Harvnb|Nevzat|2005|loc=224}}.</ref> In line with the changes introduced in the Ottoman Empire after 1908, the curricula of Cyprus's Muslim schools, such as the "Idadi", were also altered to incorporate more [[secular]] teachings with increasingly [[Turkish nationalism|Turkish nationalist]] undertones. Many of these graduates in due course ended up as teachers in the growing number of urban and rural schools that had begun to proliferate across the island by the 1920s.<ref name="Nesim 1987 loc=27">{{Harvnb|Nesim|1987|loc=27}}.</ref>

[[File:The Okan family.jpg|thumb|left|220px|upright|Mehmet Remzi Okan with his wife and children in 1919 during the [[Turkish War of Independence]]. The family were Turkish Cypriots who owned the newspaper ''Söz Gazetesi''.]]

In 1914, the [[Ottoman Empire]] joined the [[First World War]] against the [[Allies of World War I|Allied Forces]] and Britain annexed the island. Cyprus's Muslim inhabitants were officially asked to choose between adopting either British nationality or retaining their Ottoman subject status; about 4,000–8,500 Muslims decided to leave the island and move to Turkey.<ref name="Hatay 2007 loc=21">{{Harvnb|Hatay|2007|loc=21}}.</ref><ref name="Hill 1952 loc=413n">{{Harvnb|Hill|1952|loc=413n}}.</ref> Following its defeat in World War I, the Ottoman Empire were faced with the [[Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922)]] whereby the Greek incursion into Anatolia aimed at claiming what Greece believed to be historically Greek territory.<ref name="Clogg 1992 loc=93-97">{{Harvnb|Clogg|1992|loc=93–97}}.</ref> For the Ottoman Turks of Cyprus, already fearing the aims of enosis-seeking Greek Cypriots, reports of atrocities committed by the Greeks against the Turkish populations in Anatolia, and the Greek [[Occupation of Smyrna]], produced further fears for their own future. Greek forces were routed in 1922 under the leadership of [[Mustafa Kemal Atatürk]] who, in 1923, proclaimed the new Republic of [[Turkey]] and renounced irredentist claims to former Ottoman territories beyond the Anatolian heartland. Muslims in Cyprus were thus excluded from the nation-building project, though many still heeded Atatürk's call to join in the establishment of the new nation-state, and opted for [[Turkish citizenship]]. Between 1881 and 1927 approximately 30,000 Turkish Cypriots emigrated to Turkey.<ref name="St. John-Jones 1983 loc=56">{{Harvnb|St. John-Jones|1983|loc=56}}.</ref><ref name="Heper & Criss 2009 loc=92"/>

The 1920s was to prove a critical decade in terms of stricter ethno-religious compartments; hence, Muslim Cypriots who remained on the island gradually embraced the ideology of [[Turkish nationalism]] due to the impact of the [[Kemalist ideology|Kemalist Revolution]].<ref name="Nevzat & Hatay 2009 loc=918">{{Harvnb|Nevzat|Hatay|2009|loc=918}}.</ref> At its core were the Kemalist values of [[secularism]], [[modernization]] and [[westernization]]; reforms such as the introduction of the new [[Turkish alphabet]], adoption of western dress and secularization, were adopted voluntarily by Muslim Turkish Cypriots, who had been prepared for such changes not just by the [[Tanzimat]] but also by several decades of British rule.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Xypolia|first=Ilia|title=Cypriot Muslims among Ottomans, Turks and British|journal=Bogazici Journal|year=2011|volume=25|issue=2|pages=109–120|doi=10.21773/boun.25.2.6|doi-access=free}}</ref> Many of those Cypriots who until then had still identified themselves primarily as Muslims began now to see themselves principally as Turks in Cyprus.<ref name="Nevzat & Hatay 2009 loc=919">{{Harvnb|Nevzat|Hatay|2009|loc=919}}.</ref>

By 1950, a [[Cypriot Enosis referendum, 1950|Cypriot Enosis referendum]] in which 95.7% of Greek Cypriot voters supported a fight aimed at [[enosis]], the union of Cyprus with [[Greece]]<ref>{{Harvnb|Panteli|1990|loc=151}}.</ref> were led by an armed organisation, in 1955, called [[EOKA]] by [[Georgios Grivas]] which aimed at bringing down British rule and uniting the island of Cyprus with Greece. Turkish Cypriots had always reacted immediately against the objective of enosis; thus, the 1950s saw many Turkish Cypriots who were forced to flee from their homes.<ref name="Sonyel 2000 loc=147">{{Harvnb|Sonyel|2000|loc=147}}.</ref> In 1958, Turkish Cypriots set up their own armed group called [[Turkish Resistance Organisation]] (TMT) and by early 1958, the first wave of armed conflict between the two communities began; a few hundred Turkish Cypriots left their villages and quarters in the mixed towns and never returned.<ref name="Kliot 2007 loc=59">{{Harvnb|Kliot|2007|loc=59}}.</ref>