Editing Turpan (section)

===Tang conquest===
[[File:Tarimbecken 3. Jahrhundert.png|thumb|left|Tarim Basin in the 3rd century]]
{{Main|Tang campaign against Karakhoja|Tang campaigns against the Western Turks|l2=the Western Turks|Tang campaign against the oasis states|l3=the oasis states|Iranians in China}}

The [[Tang dynasty]] had reconquered the Tarim Basin by the 7th century AD and for the next three centuries the [[Tibetan Empire]], the Tang dynasty, and the [[Turkic people|Turks]] fought over dominion of the [[Tarim Basin]]. [[Sogdiana|Sogdians]] and Chinese engaged in extensive commercial activities with each other under Tang rule. The Sogdians were mostly [[Mazdaism|Mazdaist]] at this time. The Turpan region was renamed Xi Prefecture ({{lang|zh|西州}}) when the Tang conquered it in 640&nbsp;AD,<ref name="HANSEN">{{Cite web|url=http://www.yale.edu/history/faculty/materials/hansen-silk-road-trade.pdf|title=The Impact of the Silk Road Trade on a Local Community: The Turfan Oasis, 500–800|last=HANSEN|first=Valerie|publisher=[[Yale University Press]]|access-date=14 July 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090418080117/http://www.yale.edu/history/faculty/materials/hansen-silk-road-trade.pdf|archive-date=18 April 2009}}</ref> had a history of commerce and trade along the Silk Road already centuries old; it had many inns catering to merchants and other travelers, while numerous brothels are recorded in [[Kucha]] and [[Khotan]].<ref>Xin Tangshu 221a:6230. In addition, [[Susan Whitfield]] offers a fictionalized account of a Kuchean courtesan's experiences in the 9th century without providing any sources, although she has clearly drawn on the description of the prostitutes' quarter in [[Chang’an]] in Beilizhi; Whitfield, 1999, pp. 138–154.</ref> According to Valerie Hansen, even before the Tang conquest, Han ethnic presence was already so extensive that the cultural alignment of the city led to Turpan's name in the [[Sogdian language]] becoming known as "Chinatown" or "Town of the Chinese". As late as the tenth century, the Persian source Hudud Al-Alam continued to refer to the town as Chīnanjkanth (Chinese town).<ref name="HANSEN"/><ref>{{cite journal |pmid=12288967 | volume=7 | issue=1 | title=A study on the migration policy in ancient China | year=1995 | journal=Chin J Popul Sci | pages=27–38 | last1 = Wang | first1 = Y}}</ref>

In [[Astana Cemetery]], a contract written in Sogdian detailing the sale of a Sogdian girl to a Chinese man was discovered dated to 639&nbsp;AD. Individual [[slaves]] were common among silk route houses; early documents recorded an increase in the selling of slaves in Turpan.<ref>Wu Zhen 2000{{full citation needed|date=January 2014}} (p. 154 is a Chinese-language rendering based on Yoshida's Japanese translation of the Sogdian contract of 639).</ref> Twenty-one 7th-century marriage contracts were found that showed, where one Sogdian spouse was present, for 18 of them their partner was a Sogdian. The only Sogdian men who married Chinese women were highly eminent officials.<ref>Rong Xinjiang, 2001, pp. 132–135. Of the 21 epitaphs, 12 are from ''Quan Tangwen buyi'' (supplement to the complete writings of the Tang), five from ''Tangdai muzhi huibian'' (Collected epitaphs of the Tang), three were excavated at [[Guyuan]], [[Ningxia]], and one is from another site.</ref> Several commercial interactions were recorded, for example a camel was sold priced at 14 silk bolts in 673,<ref>''Yan'' is a common ending for Sogdian first names meaning 'for the benefit of' a certain deity. For other examples, see Cai Hongsheng, 1998, p. 40.</ref><ref>Ikeda contract 29.</ref> and a [[Chang'an]] native bought a girl age 11 for 40 silk bolts in 731 from a Sogdian merchant.<ref>Ikeda contract 31. Yoshida Yutaka and Arakawa Masaharu saw this document, which was clearly a copy of the original with space left for the places where the seals appeared.</ref> Five men swore that the girl was never free before enslavement, since the [[Tang Code]] forbade commoners to be sold as slaves.<ref name="HANSEN"/>

The Tang dynasty became weakened considerably due to the [[An Lushan Rebellion]], and the [[Tibetan Empire|Tibetans]] took the opportunity to expand into [[Gansu]] and the [[Western Regions]]. The Tibetans took control of Turfan in 792.

[[File:Maheshvara, Turpan, 10th-12th Century.jpg|thumb|[[Maheshvara]], Turpan, 10th–12th century]]
[[File:Dunhuang Uighur king.jpg|thumb|Buddhist Uyghur king from Turpan attended by servants. Depicted in [[Dunhuang]] [[Mogao Caves]], [[Western Xia]] dynasty.]]

Clothing for corpses was made out of discarded, used paper in Turfan which is why the Astana graveyard is a source of a plethora of texts.<ref name="LiHansen2003">{{cite book|author1=Jian Li|author2=Valerie Hansen|author3=Dayton Art Institute|author4=Memphis Brooks Museum of Art|title=The glory of the silk road: art from ancient China|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_QnqAAAAMAAJ&q=turfan+mixing|date=January 2003|publisher=The Dayton Art Institute|isbn=978-0-937809-24-2|page=35}}</ref>

Seventh or 8th century [[Jiaozi|dumpling]]s and [[wonton]]s were found in Turfan.<ref name="Hansen2012">{{cite book|author=Valerie Hansen|title=The Silk Road|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0LYDf02jgdAC&pg=PA11|date=11 October 2012|publisher=OUP USA|isbn=978-0-19-515931-8|pages=11–}}</ref>