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=== Golden Age of Kyiv === <!-- 800–1349 --> {{Main|Kievan Rus'|Principality of Kiev|Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia}} [[File:Principalities of Kievan Rus' (1054-1132).jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|The furthest extent of [[Kievan Rus']], 1054–1132]] The establishment of the state of [[Kievan Rus']] remains obscure and uncertain.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Belyaev |first=A. |date=13 September 2012 |title=Русь и варяги. Евразийский исторический взгляд |url=https://www.gumilev-center.ru/rus-i-varyagi-evrazijjskijj-istoricheskijj-vzglyad/ |access-date=11 March 2023 |website=Центр Льва Гумилёва |language=ru-RU}}</ref> The state included much of present-day Ukraine, Belarus and the western part of [[European Russia]].<ref name="Columbia">{{cite encyclopedia |encyclopedia=The Columbia Encyclopedia |edition=6 |date=2001–2007 |article=Kievan Rus |url=http://www.bartleby.com/65/ki/KievanRu.html |access-date=8 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20000819153626/http://www.bartleby.com/65/ki/KievanRu.html |archive-date=19 August 2000}}</ref> According to the ''[[Primary Chronicle]]'', the [[Rus' people]] initially consisted of [[Varangian]]s from [[Scandinavia]].<ref>''A Geography of Russia and Its Neighbors'' {{ISBN|978-1-606-23920-9}} p. 69</ref> In 882, the pagan [[Oleg of Novgorod|Prince Oleg]] (Oleh) conquered [[Kyiv]]<!--See [[Talk:Kiev/naming]] re Kiev/Kyiv. --> from [[Askold and Dir]] and proclaimed it as the new capital of the Rus'.<ref>{{cite book |last=Kubicek |first=Paul |date=2008 |title=The History of Ukraine |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IpJxDwAAQBAJ&dq=kievan+rus+dir+882&pg=PA21 |location=Westport |publisher=Greenwood Press |pages=20–22 |isbn=9780313349201}}</ref> [[Anti-Normanism|Anti-Normanist]] historians however argue that the East Slavic tribes along the southern parts of the [[Dnieper River]] were already in the process of forming a state independently.<ref name="martin">{{Cite book |last=Martin |first=Janet |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JyN0hlKcfTcC&pg=PA37 |title=A Companion to Russian History |date=6 April 2009 |publisher=[[Wiley (publisher)|John Wiley & Sons]] |isbn=978-1-4443-0842-6 |editor-last=Gleason |editor-first=Abbott |pages=37–40 |language=en}}</ref> The Varangian elite, including the ruling [[Rurik dynasty]], later assimilated into the Slavic population.<ref name="Columbia"/> Kievan Rus' was composed of several [[principality|principalities]] ruled by the interrelated Rurikid ''[[knyaz|kniazes]]'' ("princes"), who often fought each other for possession of Kyiv.<ref>''The Dynasty of Chernigov, 1146–1246'' {{ISBN|978-0-521-82442-2}} pp. 117–118</ref> During the 10th and 11th centuries, Kievan Rus' became the largest and most powerful state in Europe, a period known as its Golden Age.<ref name="cia">{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/ukraine/ |title=Ukraine |access-date=24 December 2007 |date=13 December 2007 |website=[[CIA World Factbook]]}}</ref> It began with the reign of [[Vladimir the Great]] (980–1015), who [[Christianization of Kievan Rus'|introduced Christianity]]. During the reign of his son, [[Yaroslav the Wise]] (1019–1054), Kievan Rus' reached the zenith of its cultural development and military power.<ref name="Columbia"/> The state soon fragmented as the relative importance of regional powers rose again. After a final resurgence under the rule of [[Vladimir II Monomakh]] (1113–1125) and his son [[Mstislav I of Kiev|Mstislav]] (1125–1132), Kievan Rus' finally disintegrated into separate principalities following Mstislav's death, though ownership of Kyiv would still carry great prestige for decades.<ref>''Power Politics in Kievan Rus': Vladimir Monomakh and His Dynasty, 1054–1246'' {{ISBN|0-888-44202-5}} pp. 195–196</ref> In the 11th and 12th centuries, the nomadic confederacy of the [[Turkic languages|Turkic]]-speaking [[Cumans]] and [[Kipchaks]] was the dominant force in the [[Pontic steppe]] north of the Black Sea.<ref>Carter V. Findley, ''The Turks in World History'' (Oxford University Press, October 2004) {{ISBN|0-19-517726-6}}</ref> The [[Mongol invasion of Rus'|Mongol invasions]] in the mid-13th century devastated Kievan Rus'; following the [[Siege of Kyiv (1240)|Siege of Kyiv in 1240]], the city was destroyed by the Mongols.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://tspace.library.utoronto.ca/citd/RussianHeritage/4.PEAS/4.L/12.III.5.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110427075859/https://tspace.library.utoronto.ca/citd/RussianHeritage/4.PEAS/4.L/12.III.5.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=27 April 2011 |title=The Destruction of Kiev |access-date=3 January 2008 |website=University of Toronto's Research Repository}}</ref> In the western territories, the principalities of [[Principality of Halych|Halych]] and [[Principality of Volhynia|Volhynia]] had arisen earlier, and were merged to form the [[Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia|Principality of Galicia–Volhynia]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?AddButton=pages%5CR%5CO%5CRomanMstyslavych.htm |title=Roman Mstyslavych |website=encyclopediaofukraine.com}}</ref> [[Daniel of Galicia]], son of [[Roman the Great]], re-united much of south-western Rus', including [[Volhynia]], [[Galicia (Eastern Europe)|Galicia]], as well as Kyiv. He was subsequently crowned by a [[Pope|papal]] envoy as the first [[King of Ruthenia|king of Galicia–Volhynia]] (also known as the Kingdom of [[Ruthenia]]) in 1253.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Ougrin |first1=Dennis |last2=Ougrin |first2=Anastasia |date=2020 |title=One Hundred Years in Galicia: Events That Shaped Ukraine and Eastern Europe |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sGgDEAAAQBAJ&dq=1253+daniel+ruthenia&pg=PR11 |location=Newcastle upon Tyne |publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing |page=11 |isbn=9781527558816}}</ref>
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