Editing Unintended consequences (section)

===Marx and Engels===
Influenced by 19th century [[positivism]]<ref>{{harvnb|Saint-Upéry|2015|p= 146}}: Por supuesto, la raíz de esta posible mutación dogmática se puede identificar en la concepción de la «ciencia» de Marx, mezcla de Wissenschaft especulativa hegeliana y evolucionismo positivista típico del siglo XIX. [Of course, the root of this possible dogmatic mutation can be identified on Marx's conception of "science", a mix of speculative hegelian Wissenschaft and positivist evolutionism typical of the 19 century.]</ref> and [[Charles Darwin]]'s [[Theory of Evolution|evolution]], for both Friedrich Engels and Karl Marx, the idea of uncertainty and chance in social dynamics (and thus unintended consequences beyond results of perfectly defined laws) was only apparent, (if not rejected) since social actions were directed and produced by deliberate human intention.<ref>{{harvnb|Saint-Upéry|2015|p= 147}}: Es bien conocida la admiración de Marx y Engels por el autor de El origen de las especies y su ambición más o menos explícita de hacer para la evolución social lo que el científico británico había hecho para la evolución natural. Sin embargo, la interpretación de la selección natural por Marx era parcialmente defectiva. Reprochaba a Darwin el rol excesivo otorgado al azar en su esquema de evolución y defendía a veces en modo más bien implícito una especie de lamarckismo sociológico en el que la supuesta función político-ideológica o económica crea inevitablemente el órgano social adecuado en cada etapa del desarrollo de la humanidad. [Marx and Engels admiration for the author of On the Origin of Species and their more or less explicit ambition to do for social evolution what the british scientist did for natural evolution is well known. However, Marx's interpretation of natural selection was partially defective. He reproached Darwin for the excessive role given to chance in his scheme of evolution and defended -sometimes in a more implicit manner- a kind of sociological Lamarckism in which the supposed political-ideological or economic function inevitably creates the adequate social organ on each stage of human [historical] development.]</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Engels|1946| }}: In the history of society, on the contrary, the actors are all endowed with consciousness, are men acting with deliberation or passion, working towards definite goals; nothing happens without a conscious purpose, without an intended aim.</ref>

While discerning between the forces that generate changes in nature and those that generate changes in history in his discussion of [[Ludwig Feuerbach]], [[Friedrich Engels]] touched on the idea of (apparent) unintended consequences:

:{{Blockquote|In nature [...] there are only blind, unconscious agencies acting upon one another, [...] In the history of society, on the contrary, the actors are all endowed with consciousness, are men acting with deliberation or passion, working towards definite goals; nothing happens without a conscious purpose, without an intended aim. [...] For here, also, on the whole, in spite of the consciously desired aims of all individuals, accident apparently reigns on the surface. That which is willed happens but rarely; in the majority of instances the numerous desired ends cross and conflict with one another, or these ends themselves are from the outset incapable of realization, or the means of attaining them are insufficient. Thus the conflicts of innumerable individual wills and individual actions in the domain of history produce a state of affairs entirely analogous to [...] the realm of unconscious nature. The ends of the actions are intended, but the results which actually follow from these actions are not intended; or when they do seem to correspond to the end intended, they ultimately have consequences quite other than those intended. Historical events thus appear on the whole to be likewise governed by chance. But where on the surface accident holds sway, there actually it is always governed by inner, hidden laws, and it is only a matter of discovering these laws.|[[Ludwig Feuerbach and the End of Classical German Philosophy]] (Ludwig Feuerbach und der Ausgang der klassischen deutschen Philosophie), 1886.<ref>{{harvnb|Engels|1946| }}:</ref>|col2=|col3=}}

For his part, for [[Karl Marx]] what can be understood as unintended consequences are actually consequences that should be expected but are obtained unconsciously. These consequences (that no one consciously sought) would be (in the same way as it is for Engels<ref>{{harvnb|Vernon|1979|p= 69}}: Engels traces the occurrence of "what no one has willed" exclusively to the fact of conflict among actors</ref><ref name="Vernon">{{harvnb|Vernon|1979|p= 63}}: But the unintended consequences arising from diversity of ends, as we have noted already, are sometimes seen as emphatically good; they may be seen (as in Hayek) in  the light of immanent spontaneous cooperation, no less than (as in  Engels) in the light of destructive contradictions.</ref>) product of conflicts that confront actions from countless individuals. The deviation between the original intended goal and the product derived from conflicts would be a marxist equivalent to «unintended consequences.»<ref>{{harvnb|Vernon|1979|p= 58}}: "History is made in such a way that the final result always arises from conflicts between many individual wills... Thus there are innumerable intersecting forces, an infinite series of parallelograms of forces, which give rise to one resultant-the historical event... For what each individual wills is obstructed by everyone else, and what emerges is something that no one willed. Thus past history proceeds in the manner of a natural process... "</ref>

This social conflicts would happen as a result of a competitive society, and also lead society to sabotage itself and prevent historical progress.<ref>{{harvnb|Vernon|1979|p= 58}}: [For Marx and Engels] Unintended consequences are a feature not of "history" in general but of "past history", an expression of the inherently self-defeating tendencies of a competitive and inegalitarian society.</ref> Thus, historical progress (in Marxist terms) should eliminate these conflicts and make unintended consequences predictable.<ref>{{harvnb|Vernon|1979|p= 58}}: If this is so, then we may imagine a future order in which the rational coordination of efforts brings about a course of events which will have been consciously intended.</ref>