Editing University of St Andrews (section)

===Modern period===
====Women====
[[File:The Gateway, St Andrews geograph-6299409-by-Bill-Harrison.jpg|thumb|The Gateway building, built in 2000 as an International Golf Club and now used by the university's School of Management]]
In the second half of the 19th century, the pressure was building upon universities to open up higher education to women.<ref name="Discovery in archives">{{Cite web|url=https://standrewsrarebooks.wordpress.com/2012/02/27/discovery-in-archives-sheds-new-light-on-jex-blakes-campaign-for-medical-education-for-women/|title=Discovery in archives sheds new light on Jex-Blake's campaign for medical education for women|date=27 February 2012|access-date=3 February 2013|archive-date=3 March 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140303172745/https://standrewsrarebooks.wordpress.com/2012/02/27/discovery-in-archives-sheds-new-light-on-jex-blakes-campaign-for-medical-education-for-women/|url-status=live}}</ref> In 1876, the university senate decided to allow women to receive an education at St Andrews at a level roughly equal to the [[MA (Scotland)|Master of Arts degree]] that men were able to take at the time. The scheme came to be known as the '[[Lady Literate in Arts|LLA examination]]' (Lady Literate in Arts). It required women to pass five subjects at an ordinary level and one at honours level and entitled them to hold a diploma from the university. Not being required to attend the university in person, the women were learning by [[Distance education|correspondence]], taking as many years as needed to complete the course. They were both examined and assisted in their studies by [[educator|educationalists]] in the town or city in which they lived in the UK or abroad.<ref name="Ladies Literate in Arts">{{Cite web|title=Ladies Literate in Arts|url=http://www.st-andrews.ac.uk/library/specialcollections/didyouknow/lla/|access-date=2 January 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120620201913/http://www.st-andrews.ac.uk/library/specialcollections/didyouknow/lla/|archive-date=20 June 2012}}</ref>

In 1889, the [[Ancient university governance in Scotland|Universities (Scotland) Act]]<ref name="Act 1889">{{Cite web|title=Universities (Scotland) Act 1889|url=http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/Vict/52-53/55/contents|access-date=2 January 2013|archive-date=2 October 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121002064256/http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/Vict/52-53/55/contents|url-status=live}}</ref> made it possible to admit women to St Andrews formally and to receive an education equal to that of male students. In September 1892, the university was reported as having "lately taken the lead in opening its classes to women"  and proclaimed  that "St Andrews hails a ladies' school –  [[St Leonards School|St Leonards]]  – second to none in the land, and probably second to few in England".<ref>{{cite news |title=Fifeshire Journal Fife, Scotland |url=https://www.genesreunited.com.au/searchbna/results?memberlastsubclass=none&searchhistorykey=0&keywords=ladies%20school%20university%20garret%20anderson&county=fife%2c%20scotland&from=1892&to=1896 |access-date=19 February 2022 |publisher=Fifeshire Journal Fife, Scotland |date=15 Sep 1892 |quote=...lately taken the lead in opening its classes to ladies ...St Andrews hails a ladies' school second to none in the land, and probably second to few in England conducted on the English public-school system... |archive-date=5 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405231718/https://www.genesreunited.com.au/searchbna/results?memberlastsubclass=none&searchhistorykey=0&keywords=ladies%20school%20university%20garret%20anderson&county=fife,%20scotland&from=1892&to=1896 |url-status=live }}</ref> By 1892, the headmistress of St  Leonard's Ladies School, [[Frances Dove|Dame Frances Dove]], had  become "possessor" of the buildings of the university's old [[St Leonard's College, St Andrews|St Leonard's College]]  which were being used again for their original purpose of providing accommodation for students, only this time not for males but for "girl graduates and [[undergraduates]]".<ref>{{cite book |title=25 Years at St Andrews – 1865–1890 – [Chapter, After The Assembly] |date=1892 |publisher=Longmans, Greene & Co |page=371 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0zFAAAAAYAAJ&dq=women%20at%20%20Gifford%20Lectures%20%20in%201890s&pg=PA371 |access-date=23 April 2022 |archive-date=6 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406100009/https://books.google.com/books?id=0zFAAAAAYAAJ&dq=women%20at%20%20Gifford%20Lectures%20%20in%201890s&pg=PA371 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Having [[matriculation|matriculated]], [[Agnes Forbes Blackadder]] entered the university in 1892 and became the first woman to graduate from St Andrews on the same level as men on 29 March 1895, when she gained her [[Master of Arts|MA]].<ref name="St Andrews Special Collections">{{Cite web|url=https://standrewsrarebooks.wordpress.com/2017/03/07/trailblazing-women-at-the-university-of-st-andrews-a-celebration-for-international-womens-day/|title=Trailblazing Women at the University of St Andrews: A Celebration for International Women's Day|last=St Andrews Special Collections|date=7 March 2017|website=Echoes from the Vault|language=en|access-date=25 September 2019|archive-date=25 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190925160600/https://standrewsrarebooks.wordpress.com/2017/03/07/trailblazing-women-at-the-university-of-st-andrews-a-celebration-for-international-womens-day/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Who was the first female graduate of the University of St Andrews?">{{Cite web|title=Who was the first female graduate of the University of St Andrews?|url=http://www.st-andrews.ac.uk/library/specialcollections/didyouknow/femalegraduate/|access-date=2 January 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130110152020/http://www.st-andrews.ac.uk/library/specialcollections/didyouknow/femalegraduate/|archive-date=10 January 2013}}</ref> The first female lecturer at the university was [[Alice Marion Umpherston]], appointed in 1896 to teach Physiology to women students.<ref>{{Cite web|title=International Women's Day 2019: The first women in the Library – Special Collections blog|url=https://special-collections.wp.st-andrews.ac.uk/2019/03/08/international-womens-day-2019-the-first-women-in-the-library/|access-date=31 July 2023|website=special-collections.wp.st-andrews.ac.uk|archive-date=31 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230731234253/https://special-collections.wp.st-andrews.ac.uk/2019/03/08/international-womens-day-2019-the-first-women-in-the-library/|url-status=live}}</ref> In response to the increasing number of female students attending the university, the first women's [[hall of residence]] was founded in 1896 by [[Louisa Lumsden|Dame Louisa Lumsden]], the first principal of [[St Leonards School]], which adjoined the university. The residence was named [[University Hall (University of St Andrews)|University Hall]].<ref name="Literate Ladies – A fifty year experiment">{{Cite web|url=http://www.st-andrews.ac.uk/media/special-collections/documents/Literate%20Ladies%20Alumnus%20Chronicle%20vol%2059%20June%201968.pdf|title=Literate Ladies – A fifty year experiment|access-date=2 January 2013|archive-date=19 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180819225951/https://www.st-andrews.ac.uk/media/special-collections/documents/Literate%20Ladies%20Alumnus%20Chronicle%20vol%2059%20June%201968.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Fifeshire Journal Fife, Scotland |url=https://www.genesreunited.com.au/searchbna/results?memberlastsubclass=none&searchhistorykey=0&keywords=ladies%20school%20university%20garret%20anderson&county=fife%2c%20scotland&from=1892&to=1896 |access-date=19 February 2022 |publisher=Fifeshire Journal Fife, Scotland |date=15 Sep 1892 |quote=...lately taken the lead in opening its classes to ladies ...St Andrews hails a ladies' school second to none in the land, and probably second to few in England conducted... |archive-date=5 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405231718/https://www.genesreunited.com.au/searchbna/results?memberlastsubclass=none&searchhistorykey=0&keywords=ladies%20school%20university%20garret%20anderson&county=fife,%20scotland&from=1892&to=1896 |url-status=live }}</ref>

====Dundee====
Until the start of the 20th century, St Andrews offered a traditional education based on classical languages, divinity and philosophical studies, and was slow to embrace more practical fields such as science and medicine that were becoming more popular at other universities. In response to the need for modernisation and in order to increase student numbers and alleviate financial problems, the university had, by 1883, established a university college in [[University College, Dundee|Dundee]] which formally merged with St Andrews in 1897.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Prof. E. Waymouth Reid, F.R.S|first=P. T.|last=Herring|date=11 April 1948|journal=Nature|volume=161|issue=4094|pages=591–592|doi=10.1038/161591a0|bibcode=1948Natur.161..591H|doi-access=free}}</ref> From its inception, the Dundee college had a focus on scientific, and professional subjects; the college's [[co-education|mixed sexes]] read [[Classics]] and  English at St Andrews. The union was fraught with difficulties; in 1894, ''The Educational Times'' reported in the article ''The Quarrel between St Andrews and Dundee'' that University College, Dundee was "forbidden" to give such instruction in the Arts "as he [the Dundeen student] might require".<ref>{{cite news |title=Times Education |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rJtAAQAAMAAJ&dq=dundee+university+of+St+andrews+fine+arts&pg=PA30 |access-date=13 January 2021 |publisher=Times Education |page=30 |date=1 January 1894 |archive-date=12 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230412145037/https://books.google.com/books?id=rJtAAQAAMAAJ&dq=dundee+university+of+St+andrews+fine+arts&pg=PA30 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Records of University College, Dundee, being the University of St Andrews in Dundee. |date=1871–1953 |publisher=University of St Andrews |url=https://archiveshub.jisc.ac.uk/search/archives/f3a74f1f-988d-33c6-bcd9-4e0870d6e511 |access-date=13 January 2021 |quote=The Commission of 1878 recommended a college be established in Dundee to teach mathematical and physical and natural sciences and medicine, '''leaving the literary part of the Arts faculty to St Andrews'''. The deed of an endowment provided for the erection of a comprehensive 'University College', providing courses for both sexes in a wide variety of subjects except divinity (forbidden by the non-conformist founder) and medicine (which would follow). After 1 October 1897 the college became subject to the academic control of the senate and its teaching staff was appointed by the St Andrews University Court. In an effort to avoid duplication the two Arts chairs (Classics and English) in University College lapsed into lectureships after the professors left in 1895 and 1901 respectively. The other Dundee chairs at this date were Mathematics, Physics, Chemistry, Engineering, Natural History, Anatomy and Physiology. A chair in Botany in the University replaced the College chair and teaching was in both Dundee and St Andrews. In 1898 the Conjoint School of Medicine was established at Dundee. |archive-date=8 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210508144040/https://archiveshub.jisc.ac.uk/search/archives/f3a74f1f-988d-33c6-bcd9-4e0870d6e511 |url-status=live }}</ref> After the incorporation of University College Dundee, St Andrews' various problems generally receded. For example, it was able to offer medical degrees. Until 1967, many students who obtained a degree from the University of St Andrews had in fact spent most, and sometimes all, of their undergraduate career based in Dundee.

In 1967, the union with Queen's College Dundee (formerly University College Dundee) ended, when it became an independent institution under the name of the [[University of Dundee]]. As a result of this, St Andrews lost its capacity to provide degrees in many areas such as Medicine, Dentistry, Law, Accountancy, and Engineering. As well as losing the right to confer the undergraduate medical degree [[MBChB]], it was also deprived of the right to confer the postgraduate degree MD. St Andrews was eventually able to continue to offer the opportunity to study medicine through a new arrangement with the [[University of Manchester]] in England.

In 1974, the College of St Leonard was reconstituted as a postgraduate institute.<ref name="St leonards college">{{Cite web|title=St leonards college|url=http://www.st-andrews.ac.uk/pgstudents/stleonards/|access-date=3 January 2013|archive-date=13 December 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121213151127/http://www.st-andrews.ac.uk/pgstudents/stleonards/|url-status=live}}</ref>