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Votic language
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== Phonology == === Vowels === Votic has 10 vowel qualities, all of which can be long or short; represented in the following chart. The vowels /ɨ/ and /ɨː/ are found only in loanwords. The Votic ⟨õ⟩ /ɤ/ , however, is impressionistically a bit higher than the [[Estonian language|Estonian]] ⟨õ⟩, with the rest of the vowel inventory generally corresponding to the ones found in Estonian.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ariste |first=Paul |title=A Grammar of the Votic Language |publisher=Curzon |year=1997 |location=Richmond}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" ! rowspan=2| (IPA) <br> ([[Uralic transcription|FUT]]) !! colspan=2| Front !! rowspan=2| Central !! rowspan=2| Back |- ! {{small|unrounded}} ! {{small|[[Rounded vowel|rounded]]}} |- ! [[Close vowel|Close]] | {{IPAslink|i}} {{IPAslink|iː}} || {{IPAslink|y}} {{IPAslink|yː}} || {{IPAslink|ɨ}} {{IPAslink|ɨː}} ||{{IPAslink|u}} {{IPAslink|uː}} |- ! [[Close-mid vowel|Mid]] | {{IPAslink|e}} {{IPAslink|eː}} || {{IPAslink|ø}} {{IPAslink|øː}} || {{IPAslink|ɤ}} {{IPAslink|ɤː}} || {{IPAslink|o}} {{IPAslink|oː}} |- ! [[Open vowel|Open]] | {{IPAslink|æ}} {{IPAslink|æː}} || || || {{IPAslink|ɑ}} {{IPAslink|ɑː}} |} In some central dialects, the long mid vowels {{IPA|/eː oː øː/}} have been diphthongized to {{IPA|/ie uo yø/}}, as in Finnish. Thus, ''tee'' 'road' is pronounced as ''tie''. Votic also has a large inventory of diphthongs. Interestingly, some diphthongs in Votic fail to conform to the vowel harmony pattern<ref>{{Cite book |last=Lauerma |first=Petri |title=Vatjan vokaalisointu |publisher=Suomalais-Ugrilainen Seura |year=1993 |isbn=951 9403 57 4 |location=Helsinki |language=fi |trans-title=Votic Vowel Harmony}}</ref>. {| class="wikitable" |+Diphthongs ! !ɑ !u !y !æ !i |- !ɑ | |ɑu̯ | | |ɑi |- !o | |ou̯ | | |oi |- !u |uɑ̯ | | | |ui |- !ɤ |ɤɑ̯ |ɤu̯ | | |ɤi |- !ø | |øu̯ |øy | |øi |- !y | | | |yæ̯ |yi |- !æ | | |æy | |æi |- !e | |eu̯ |ey | |ei |- !i |iɑ̯ |iu̯ |iy |iæ̯ | |} [[File:Votic vowel harmony Venn diagram.svg|thumb|A diagram featuring vowel harmony in Votic.]] ==== Vowel harmony ==== Votic has a system of [[vowel harmony]], in which vowels sounds pattern according to their position in the oral cavity. Underived words tend to contain either ''front-harmonic'' or ''back-harmonic'' vowels, including suffixes. Front-harmonic vowels are /æ e ø y/ ⟨ä e ö ü⟩; the corresponding back-harmonic vowels are /ɑ ɤ o u/ ⟨a õ o u⟩. Unlike Finnish, Votic only has a single neutral vowel /i/. However, there are exceptions in the behavior of /o ø/ ⟨o ö⟩. Some suffixes including the vowel /o/ do not harmonize (the occurrence of /ø/ ⟨ö⟩ in non-initial syllables is generally a result of Finnish or [[Ingrian language|Ingrian]] loan words), and similarly onomatopoetic words and loanwords are may follow outside patterns of vowel harmony. ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" ! rowspan=2 colspan=2 | ! rowspan=2| [[Labial consonant|Labial]] ! colspan=2| [[Dental consonant|Dental]] ! rowspan=2| [[Postalveolar consonant|Post-<br>alveolar]] ! rowspan=2| [[Palatal consonant|Palatal]] ! rowspan=2| [[Velar consonant|Velar]] ! rowspan=2| [[Glottal consonant|Glottal]] |- ! {{small|plain}} ! {{small|[[palatalization (phonetics)|pal.]]}} |- ! colspan=2| [[Nasal consonant|Nasal]] | {{IPA link|m}} | {{IPA link|n}} | {{IPA link|nʲ}} | | | {{IPA link|ŋ}} | |- ! rowspan="2" | [[Plosive consonant|Plosive]] ! {{small|[[voicelessness|voiceless]]}} | {{IPA link|p}} | {{IPA link|t}} | {{IPA link|tʲ}} | | | {{IPA link|k}} | |- ! {{small|[[voice (phonetics)|voiced]]}} | {{IPA link|b}} | {{IPA link|d}} | {{IPA link|dʲ}} | | | {{IPA link|ɡ}} | |- ! rowspan="2" | [[Affricate consonant|Affricate]] ! {{small|[[voicelessness|voiceless]]}} | | {{IPA link|ts}} | ({{IPA link|tsʲ}}) | {{IPA link|tʃ}} | | | |- ! {{small|[[voice (phonetics)|voiced]]}} | | | | ({{IPA link|dʒ}}) | | | |- ! rowspan="2" | [[Fricative consonant|Fricative]] ! {{small|[[voicelessness|voiceless]]}} | {{IPA link|f}} | {{IPA link|s}} | {{IPA link|sʲ}} | {{IPA link|ʃ}} | | ({{IPA link|x}}) | {{IPA link|h}} |- ! {{small|[[voice (phonetics)|voiced]]}} | {{IPA link|v}} | {{IPA link|z}} | {{IPA link|zʲ}} | {{IPA link|ʒ}} | {{IPA link|ʝ}} | | |- ! colspan="2" | [[Trill consonant|Trill]] | | {{IPA link|r}} | {{IPA link|rʲ}} | | | | |- ! colspan="2" | [[Lateral consonant|Lateral]] [[approximant consonant|approximant]] | | {{IPA link|l}} | {{IPA link|lʲ}} | |({{IPA link|ʎ}}) | | |} Notes: * {{IPA|/dʒ/}} occurs only in eastern Votic, as a weak-grade counterpart to {{IPA|/tʃ/}}. * Palatalised consonants are rare and normally allophonic, occurring automatically before {{IPA|/i/}} or before a consonant that in turn is followed by {{IPA|/i/}}. Phonemic palatalised consonants occur mostly as the result of a former following {{IPA|/j/}}, usually as geminates. In other environments they are almost entirely found in loanwords, primarily from Russian. In some words in certain dialects, a palatalised consonant may become phonemic by the loss of the following vowel, such as ''esimein'' > ''eśmein''. * {{IPA|/tʲ/}} is affricated to {{IPA|[tsʲ]}} in Kukkuzi Votic. *{{IPA|/ʎ/}} only occurs in complementary distribution with {{IPA|/l/}}. *{{IPA|/x/}} mainly as a result of loanwords from Russian, Ingrian, and Finnish dialects, or as an allophone of {{IPA|/h/}}. Nearly all Votic consonants may occur as geminates. Also, Votic also has a system of consonant gradation, which is discussed in further detail in the [[consonant gradation]] article, although a large amount of alternations involve voicing alternations. Two important differences in Votic phonetics as compared to Estonian and Finnish is that the sounds {{IPA|{{IPA|/ʝ/}}}} and {{IPA|/v/}} are actually fully fricatives, unlike Estonian and Finnish, in which they are approximants. Also, one possible [[allophone]] of {{IPA|/h/}} is {{IPA|[ɸ]}}, ''ühsi'' is thus pronounced as IPA: {{IPA|[yɸsi]}}. The lateral {{IPA|/l/}} has a [[velarization|velarized]] allophone {{IPA|[ɫ]}} when occurring adjacent to [[back vowel]]s. Voicing is not contrastive word-finally. Instead a type of [[sandhi]] occurs: voiceless {{IPA|[p t k s]}} are realized before words beginning with a voiceless consonant, voiced {{IPA|[b d ɡ z]}} before voiced consonants (or vowels). Before a pause, the realization is voiceless lenis, {{IPA|[b̥ d̥ ɡ̊ z̥]}}; the stops are here similar to the Estonian ''b d g''. Thus: * pre-pausal: {{IPA|[vɑrɡɑz̥]}} "thief" * before a voiceless consonant: {{IPA|[vɑrɡɑs‿t̪uɤb̥]}} "a thief comes" * before a voiced consonant: {{IPA|[vɑrɡɑz‿vɤt̪ɑb̥]}} "a thief takes"
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